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| Item | Catalog # | Description | Quantity | Price (USD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasmid | 114472 | Standard format: Plasmid sent in bacteria as agar stab | 1 | $75 | Add to Cart | |
| AAV2 | 114472-AAV2 | 100 µL at titer ≥ 5×10¹² vg/mLand Plasmid.More Information | Add to Cart | |||
| AAV5 | 114472-AAV5 | 100 µL at titer ≥ 7×10¹² vg/mLand Plasmid.More Information | Add to Cart | |||
| AAV8 | 114472-AAV8 | 100 µL at titer ≥ 1×10¹³ vg/mLand Plasmid.More Information | Add to Cart | |||
| AAV Retrograde | 114472-AAVrg | Virus (100 µL at titer ≥ 7×10¹² vg/mL)and Plasmid.More Information | Add to Cart | |||
This material is available to academics and nonprofits only.
Backbone
- Vector backboneAAV(Search Vector Database)
- Backbone manufacturerStratagene
- Backbone sizew/o insert(bp)4537
- Vector typeAAV
Growth in Bacteria
- Bacterial Resistance(s)Ampicillin
- Growth Temperature37°C
- Growth Strain(s)NEB Stable
- Copy numberHigh Copy
Gene/Insert
- Gene/Insert namemCherry
- Insert Size (bp)711
- PromoterhSyn
Cloning Information
- Cloning methodRestriction Enzyme
- 5′ cloning siteBamHI(not destroyed)
- 3′ cloning siteEcoRI(not destroyed)
- 5′ sequencing primerccacgcgaggcgcgagatag
- 3′ sequencing primerGAATACCAGTCAATCTTTCAC (Common Sequencing Primers)
Resource Information
- Supplemental Documents
- pAAV-hSyn-mCherry-WPRE.gb
- Terms and Licenses
- UBMTA
- Takara Bio Limited Use Label License (formerly Clontech)
- Industry Terms
- Not Available to Industry
Information for AAV2 (Catalog # 114472-AAV2)(Back to top)
Purpose
Ready-to-use AAV2 particles produced from pAAV-hSyn-mCherry (#114472). In addition to the viral particles, you will also receive purified pAAV-hSyn-mCherry plasmid DNA.
Synapsin-driven mCherry control vector. These AAV preparations are suitable purity for injection into animals.Delivery
- Volume100 µL
- Titer≥ 5×10¹² vg/mL
- Pricing$350 USD for preparation of 100 µL virus + $30 USD for plasmid.
- StorageStore at -80℃. Thaw just before use and keep on ice.
- ShipmentViral particles are shipped frozen on dry ice. Plasmid DNA (≥ 200ng) will also be included in the shipment.
Viral Production & Use
- Packaging Plasmidsencode adenoviral helper sequences and AAV rep gene, AAV2 cap gene
- BufferPBS + 0.001% Pluronic F-68 + 200 mM NaCl
- SerotypeAAV2
- PurificationIodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation
- Reporter GenemCherry
Biosafety
Requestor is responsible for compliance withtheir institution"s biosafety regulations.Lentivirus is generally considered BSL-2. AAV isgenerally considered BSL-1, but may requireBSL-2 handling depending on the insert.Biosafety Guide
Resource Information
- Terms and Licenses
- Terms of Use for Viral Vectors
- Industry Terms
- Not Available to Industry
Viral Quality Control
- Addgene ensures high quality viral vectors by optimizing and standardizing production protocols and performing rigorous quality control (QC) (see a list of our QC assays). Thespecific QC assays performed varies for each viral lot. To learn which specific QC assays were performed on your lot, please contact us.
- Titer: the exact titer of your sample will be reported on the tube. The titer you see listed on this page is the guaranteed minimum titer. See how titers are measured.
Visit our viral production page for moreinformation.
Information for AAV5 (Catalog # 114472-AAV5)(Back to top)
Purpose
Ready-to-use AAV5 particles produced from pAAV-hSyn-mCherry (#114472). In addition to the viral particles, you will also receive purified pAAV-hSyn-mCherry plasmid DNA.
Synapsin-driven mCherry control vector. These AAV preparations are suitable purity for injection into animals.Delivery
- Volume100 µL
- Titer≥ 7×10¹² vg/mL
- Pricing$350 USD for preparation of 100 µL virus + $30 USD for plasmid.
- StorageStore at -80℃. Thaw just before use and keep on ice.
- ShipmentViral particles are shipped frozen on dry ice. Plasmid DNA (≥ 200ng) will also be included in the shipment.
Viral Production & Use
- Packaging Plasmidsencode adenoviral helper sequences and AAV rep gene, AAV5 cap gene
- BufferPBS + 0.001% Pluronic F-68 + 200 mM NaCl
- SerotypeAAV5
- PurificationIodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation
- Reporter GenemCherry
Biosafety
Requestor is responsible for compliance withtheir institution"s biosafety regulations.Lentivirus is generally considered BSL-2. AAV isgenerally considered BSL-1, but may requireBSL-2 handling depending on the insert.Biosafety Guide
Resource Information
- Terms and Licenses
- Terms of Use for Viral Vectors
- Industry Terms
- Not Available to Industry
Viral Quality Control
- Addgene ensures high quality viral vectors by optimizing and standardizing production protocols and performing rigorous quality control (QC) (see a list of our QC assays). Thespecific QC assays performed varies for each viral lot. To learn which specific QC assays were performed on your lot, please contact us.
- Titer: the exact titer of your sample will be reported on the tube. The titer you see listed on this page is the guaranteed minimum titer. See how titers are measured.
Visit our viral production page for moreinformation.
Information for AAV8 (Catalog # 114472-AAV8)(Back to top)
Purpose
Ready-to-use AAV8 particles produced from pAAV-hSyn-mCherry (#114472). In addition to the viral particles, you will also receive purified pAAV-hSyn-mCherry plasmid DNA.
Synapsin-driven mCherry control vector. These AAV preparations are suitable purity for injection into animals.Delivery
- Volume100 µL
- Titer≥ 1×10¹³ vg/mL
- Pricing$350 USD for preparation of 100 µL virus + $30 USD for plasmid.
- StorageStore at -80℃. Thaw just before use and keep on ice.
- ShipmentViral particles are shipped frozen on dry ice. Plasmid DNA (≥ 200ng) will also be included in the shipment.
Viral Production & Use
- Packaging Plasmidsencode adenoviral helper sequences and AAV rep gene, AAV8 cap gene
- BufferPBS + 0.001% Pluronic F-68
- SerotypeAAV8
- PurificationIodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation
- Reporter GenemCherry
Biosafety
Requestor is responsible for compliance withtheir institution"s biosafety regulations.Lentivirus is generally considered BSL-2. AAV isgenerally considered BSL-1, but may requireBSL-2 handling depending on the insert.Biosafety Guide
Resource Information
- Terms and Licenses
- Ancillary Agreement for Penn Vectors
- Terms of Use for Viral Vectors
- Industry Terms
- Not Available to Industry
Viral Quality Control
- Addgene ensures high quality viral vectors by optimizing and standardizing production protocols and performing rigorous quality control (QC) (see a list of our QC assays). Thespecific QC assays performed varies for each viral lot. To learn which specific QC assays were performed on your lot, please contact us.
- Titer: the exact titer of your sample will be reported on the tube. The titer you see listed on this page is the guaranteed minimum titer. See how titers are measured.
Visit our viral production page for moreinformation.
Information for AAV Retrograde (Catalog # 114472-AAVrg)(Back to top)
Purpose
Ready-to-use AAV Retrograde particles produced from pAAV-hSyn-mCherry (#114472). In addition to the viral particles, you will also receive purified pAAV-hSyn-mCherry plasmid DNA.
Synapsin-driven mCherry control vector. These AAV were produced with a retrograde serotype, which permits retrograde access to projection neurons. These AAV preparations are suitable purity for injection into animals.Delivery
- Volume100 µL
- Titer≥ 7×10¹² vg/mL
- Pricing$350 USD for preparation of 100 µL virus + $30 USD for plasmid.
- StorageStore at -80℃. Thaw just before use and keep on ice.
- ShipmentViral particles are shipped frozen on dry ice. Plasmid DNA (≥ 200ng) will also be included in the shipment.
Viral Production & Use
- Packaging Plasmidsencode adenoviral helper sequences and AAV rep gene, AAV retrograde cap gene from rAAV2-retro helper (plasmid #81070)
- BufferPBS + 0.001% Pluronic F-68 + 200 mM NaCl
- SerotypeAAV retrograde (AAVrg)
- PurificationIodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation
- Reporter GenemCherry
Biosafety
Requestor is responsible for compliance withtheir institution"s biosafety regulations.Lentivirus is generally considered BSL-2. AAV isgenerally considered BSL-1, but may requireBSL-2 handling depending on the insert.Biosafety Guide
Resource Information
- Terms and Licenses
- Terms of Use for Viral Vectors
- Industry Terms
- Not Available to Industry
Viral Quality Control
- Addgene ensures high quality viral vectors by optimizing and standardizing production protocols and performing rigorous quality control (QC) (see a list of our QC assays). Thespecific QC assays performed varies for each viral lot. To learn which specific QC assays were performed on your lot, please contact us.
- Titer: the exact titer of your sample will be reported on the tube. The titer you see listed on this page is the guaranteed minimum titer. See how titers are measured.
Visit our viral production page for moreinformation.
Addgene Comments
Retrograde functionality is dependent on high viral titers. Addgene recommends not diluting your AAV preps prior to use.ebiomall.com
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例如，我们认为大地的电位为0，这就是参考点，现在有A、B两点，A点对地的电位是＋5V，B点对地的电位是－3V。我们可以说，A与地之间的电压是5V，B与地之间的电压是3V，但A与B之间的“电位差”是8V，因此AB两点之间的电压是8V。
不要拿树上概念糊弄我，半个专业的。
Na、K离子的通透性直接受膜电位的调节，如果指定某一电位(膜片钳钳制为某一电位)时，跨膜离子通透性一定，当然此时是可以通过测定电流来算出电导性， 其应该是某一不变的值；而膜片钳测定电导性的变化是怎么实现的？
我的上述思维里，肯定是有某个地方出现错误，苦于一直想不明白，求指点，谢谢！
参考资料：http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=%E7%94%B5%E4%BD%8D
电压（voltage），也称作电势差或电位差，是衡量单位电荷在静电场中由于电势不同所产生的能量差的物理量。其大小等于单位正电荷因受电场力作用从A点移动到B点所做的功，电压的方向规定为从高电位指向低电位的方向。电压的国际单位制为伏特（V，简称伏），常用的单位还有毫伏（mV）、微伏（μV）、千伏（kV）等。此概念与水位高低所造成的“水压”相似。需要指出的是，“电压”一词一般只用于电路当中，“电势差”和“电位差”则普遍应用于一切电现象当中。
参考资料：http://baike.baidu.com/view/10954.htm
希望我的回答能够帮助到你，望采纳，谢谢。
请教各位老师：1.阈电位之前少量开放的钠通道和到达阈电位大量开放的钠通道是否都是电压门控钠通道？如果是，那之前的钠通道是怎么开放的，如果不是，那它是那种钠通道呢？2.神经细胞的电压门控钠通道激活门在+20mv开放，可为什么神经细胞的阈电位是-55mv呢？想不通，望指点，感谢！！
清华新闻网9月1日电9月1日，清华大学医学院颜宁教授研究组在《自然》（Nature）期刊发表题为《电压门控钙离子Cav1.1通道3.6埃分辨率结构》（Structureofthevoltage-gatedcalciumchannelCav1.1at3.6angstromresolution）的研究长文（ResearchArticle），报道了首个真核电压门控钙离子通道的近原子分辨率三维结构，为理解众多具有重要生理和病理功能的电压门控钙离子和钠离子通道的工作机理奠定了基础。
电压门控离子通道是一大类位于细胞膜上、通过感受电信号控制离子跨膜进出细胞的蛋白质。上世纪四五十年代，英国科学家霍奇金和赫胥黎发现了动作电位；之后发现电压门控钠离子通道（Nav通道）引发动作电位，而电压门控钾离子通道（Kv通道）则能使细胞去极化，恢复至静息电位。五十年代，科学家发现在没有钠离子的情况下，依赖钙离子也能产生动作电位，这是由电压门控钙离子通道（Cav通道）介导的生理过程。钙离子本身是细胞内信号传递的第二信使，通过Cav通道，将细胞膜两侧的电信号变化转变为细胞内部的化学信号，引起一系列反应，包括肌肉收缩、腺体分泌、基因转录、细胞凋亡、神经递质的传递等。80年代，首个Cav通道的基因被克隆，序列分析显示，它与Nav通道的序列高度相似。
电压门控离子通道的功能异常或紊乱与一系列疾病相关，比如Nav1.7直接与痛觉相关，其异常激活或失活会导致异常疼痛或者无法感知痛觉。目前已知，Nav1.7突变会导致红斑性肢痛症；Nav1.4或Cav1.1突变会导致低钾性周期瘫痪；Nav1.1或Cav2.1突变导致变异型家族偏瘫型偏头痛；Nav、Cav以及Kv功能异常则可能导致心率紊乱、癫痫等。电压门控离子通道目前是仅次于G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的第二大药物靶点。外科手术用到的麻醉剂通过抑制Nav通道起作用；Cav通道则是降压药物的靶点。因此，对于电压门控离子通道的研究，尤其是结构生物学上的研究具有重要的生理学和药理学意义。
与Kv通道近20年的结构生物学进展相比，Nav和Cav通道的结构姗姗来迟，主要是因为与由同源四聚体构成的Kv通道不同，真核生物Nav和Cav通道由一条具有1500-2000个氨基酸的肽链折叠成四个类似但不尽相同的结构域，每个结构域具有六次跨膜螺旋，相邻结构域之间由长度各异的序列连接。这一特点使得蛋白的重组表达和结晶难度相比Kv通道都大大增加。因此，一直以来仅有纳米分辨率的真核生物Nav和Cav通道冷冻电镜影像报道，无法揭示任何结构细节信息。近几年，随着冷冻电镜技术的革新，利用该技术获得近原子分辨率结构已经成为现实。颜宁研究组利用清华大学的冷冻电镜平台，首次揭示了真核生物Cav通道的结构。
Cav1.1是哺乳动物中10个电压门控钙离子通道中的第一个被鉴定的，主要分布在在骨骼肌，它的主要功能是在肌肉细胞接受运动神经元信号产生动作电位时感受膜电势的变化，进而激活与其直接作用的下游肌质网膜上的高通量钙离子通道RyR1，促使钙离子快速大量释放到细胞质中，从而引起肌肉的收缩，该过程称为兴奋-收缩偶联（excitation-contractioncoupling，ECcoupling），Cav1.1和RyR1是引发这个过程最为关键的两个膜蛋白。2015年1月，颜宁研究组在《自然》报道了RyR1的3.8埃冷冻电镜结构；同年12月，她们在《科学》上报道了Cav1.1的4.2埃电镜结构。但是由于分别率所限，尽管该结构首次揭示了Cav1.1复合物中各个辅助亚基（包括α2σ亚基、β亚基和γ亚基）与离子通道亚基（α1亚基）的相互作用区域，以及离子通道亚基内部同源结构域的排布，但是大部分区域无法精确到氨基酸侧链，因而不能对蛋白的状态进行深入的分析。在冷冻电镜结构中，4埃的分辨率往往是一个分水岭。要想清晰地分辨出蛋白质氨基酸的侧链，往往需要高于4埃的分辨率（数字越小分辨率越高），而其难度也相应增加。
在刚刚发表的《自然》论文中，颜宁研究组通过多次尝试，成功优化了蛋白的制样方法，从而获得了高质量的冷冻电镜成像。他们从近万张冷冻电镜照片中挑出超过一百万的蛋白单颗粒，利用单颗粒三维重构的方法最终获得了整体3.6埃的近原子分辨率结构，其中中心区域分辨率超过3.5埃（图1）。
图1：Cav1.1冷冻电镜数据。
新报道的3.6埃电镜结构相比之前4.2埃尽管在数字上看似进步不大，却有着质的飞越。在该结构中，大部分氨基酸的侧链能够被清晰分辨，从而可以据此搭建出准确和完整的结构模型。新的结构揭示了大量新信息，更新了我们对电压门控钙离子通道的认识，比较具有代表性的特征包括：1）该结构展示了一个处于封闭构象的钙离子通道，而四个电压感受器（VSD）都处于去极化状态，因而判断该结构展示的是一个“去活化”的状态；2）辅助性亚基α2σ的结构被基本完整构建，其与离子通道亚基α1的相互作用也完全呈现；3）辅助性亚基α2σ是一次跨膜的蛋白还是膜锚定蛋白在之前一直存有争议，通过新的结构并结合质谱分析，可以判断出α2σ亚基为膜锚定蛋白；4）该结构解析了更为清晰的离子选择性过滤器，在离子选择性过滤器中甚至还可以看到两团相连的密度，很有可能是结合的钙离子；5）通过三维分类，可以得到两个构象不同的结构。对比两个结构可以发现胞内侧的β亚基发生很大的构象变化，该构象变化可能是引起肌肉兴奋-收缩偶联的结构基础。
图2：Cav1.1整体三维结构示意图。
至此，颜宁教授研究组已经成功解析了肌肉兴奋-收缩偶联通路上的两个关键膜蛋白Cav1.1以及RyR1的结构，从而为理解这一基本生理过程的分子机理打下重要的结构基础。更重要的是，高分辨的Cav1.1结构不仅揭示了Cav通道的结构，也为理解目前仍未有高分辨率结构的真核Nav通道的结构与机理提供了重要的模板，可以利用现有Cav1.1的结构尝试解释此前半个多世纪积累起来的有关Cav和Nav通道的大量生物实验和临床数据，并且为利用结构进行新型药物设计、筛选和优化提供了重要基础。
生命学院CLS项目五年级博士生吴建平、结构生物学高精尖中心卓越学者闫浈以及生命学院CLS项目二年级博士生李张强为本文共同第一作者；生命学院二年级博士生钱兴洋在轮转期间参与该课题实验；医学院周强副教授为数据处理提供了建议和帮助。北京生命科学研究所董梦秋研究员和卢珊参与质谱鉴定的合作。电镜数据采集于清华大学冷冻电镜平台，计算工作得到清华大学高性能计算平台、国家蛋白质设施实验技术中心(北京)、联想高性能计算、以及荣之联董事长王东辉先生的支持。颜宁教授为本文通讯作者，她是清华-北大生命科学联合中心研究员、膜生物学国家重点实验室成员、拜耳讲席教授，本工作获得科技部重大科学研究计划专项和基金委创新群体支持。
原文链接：
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature19321.html
相关论文连接：
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6267/aad2395.full
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v517/n7532/full/nature14063.html
供稿：医学院
【杂志】lifescience7020021185-1203
【作者】Mei-HanHuang,Sheng-NanWu,Chi-PienChen,Ai-YuShen
【单位】DepartmentofPharmaceuticalScience,FooYinInstituteofTechnology,Ta-Liao,KaohsiungCounty,Taiwan,R.O.C.DepartmentofMedicalEducationandResearch,KaohsiungVeteransGeneralHospital,KaohsiungCity,TaiwanDepartmentofPharmacy,TajenInstituteofTechnology,Pingtung,Taiwan,R.O.C.
【文摘】Quinoneshavebeenshowntopossessantineoplasticactivity;however,theireffectsonioniccurrentsremainunclear.Theeffectsof2-mercaptophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone(2-MPNQ),menADIone(MD)and1,4-naphthoquinone(1,4NQ)oncellproliferationandioniccurrentsinpituitaryGH3lactotrophswereinvestigatedinthisstudy.2-MPNQwasmorepotentthanmenadioneor1,4-naphthoquinoneininhibitingthegrowthofGH3cells.2-MPNQdecreasedcellproliferationinaconcentration-dependentmannerwithanIC50valueof3mM.Inwhole-cellrecordingexperiments,2-MPNQreversIBLycausedaninhibitionofCa21-activatedK+current(IK(Ca))inaconcentrationdependentmanner.TheIC50valuefor2-MPNQ-inducedinhibitionofIK(Ca)was7mM.Intheinsideoutconfigurationofsinglechannelrecording,2-MPNQ(30mM)appliedintracellularlysuppressedtheactivityoflarge-conductanceCa21-activatedK+(BKCa)channelsbutdidnotmodifysinglechannelconductance.Menadione(30mM)hadnoeffectonthechannelactivity,whereas1,4-naphthoquinone(30mM)suppresseditbyabout26%.Both2-MPNQandthimerosalsuppressedthedithiothreitol-stimulatedchannelactivity.2-MPNQalsoblockedvoltage-dependentK+currents,butitproducedaslightreductionofL-typeCa21inwardcurrent.However,unlikeE-4031,2-MPNQ(30mM)didnotsuppressinwardlyrectifyingK+currentpresentinGH3cells.Underthecurrentclampconfiguration,thepresenceof2-MPNQ(30mM)depolarizedthecells,andincreasedthefrequencyanddurationofspontaneousactionpotentials.The2-MPNQ-mediatedinhibitionofK+currentswouldaffecthormonesecretionandcellexcitABIlity.Theblockadeoftheseionicchannelsby2-MPNQmaypartlyexplainitsinhibitoryeffectontheproliferationofGH3cells.
【翻译】醌类化合物已经发现具有抗肿瘤的作用，然而它对于离子通道的影响还不是很清楚。此研究的内容是MPNQ和1，4NO的对于垂体瘤GH3细胞的增殖和离子通道方面的影响。2-MPNQ对于GH3细胞的生长抑制作用较甲萘醌和1，4NO更强。2-MPNQ以3uM的浓度能降低细胞增殖的浓度依赖IC50.在全细胞记录的实验中,MPNQ可逆性的引起I(Kca)浓度依赖的抑制。IC50的MPNQ抑制I(Kca)的浓度是7uM。在单一通道的记录中，2-MPNQ(30mM)可以抑制细胞内BKCa的传导，但并不影响单通道的传导。甲萘醌(30mM)对于此通道没有影响，1，4NO在此浓度下的抑制率大约为26％。2-MPNQ和硫柳汞可以抑制二硫苏糖醇刺激性通道的活动。2-MPNQ也可以阻滞电压依赖的钾通道，但对于L型钙通道的内流有轻微的抑制作用。2-MPNQ与E4031不同的是它并不抑制GH3细胞的内流的钾电流。在当前的研究下表明，2-MPNQ可以使GH3细胞增殖，并且能够增加自发动作电位的频率和持续时间。2-MPNQ介导的钾电流的抑制可能会影响到激素的分泌和细胞兴奋性。2-MPNQ对于这些离子通道的阻滞作用可以部分解释它是如何对GH3细胞增殖的抑制作用。
【点评】比较标准的电生理的SCI文章
