Highlights
- Fast: 80 - 90% of E.coli are lysed in only 10 minutes after harvesting.
- Convenient: Simple, efficient, and controlled lysis method that is ideal for protein expression and purification or nucleic acid extraction.
- Versatile: Fully compatible with a wide range of buffers for protein purification and other physical methods of lysis.
Description
| Autolysis | Lyses easily. The parent strain JM109 itself will release about 20% of cellular protein after one freeze-thaw cycle. This strain will lyse in a wide range of buffer conditions. 80-90% of E. coli are lysed after a single freeze-thaw treatment. |
|---|---|
| Cell Growth | Grows well, especially when medium is supplemented with 1 mM Mg2+ |
| DNA Extraction | This strain is EndA- and yields high quality DNA preparations. |
| DNA Stability | The RecA- mutation in XJa stabilizes repetitive DNA sequences. |
| Genotype | F`[traD36 proA+B+ laclq ∆(lacZ)M15] ∆(lac-proAB) glnV44 (supE44) e14- (McrA-) thi gyrA96 (NalR) endA1 hsdR17(rK- mK+) relA1 recA1 ΔaraB::λR, cat (CmR) |
| Processing Time | 10 minutes |
| Product Storage | -70°C to -80°C |
| Protein Expression | Suitable for general screening, but proteases may degrade small or otherwise unstable recombinant proteins. |
Q1: Is a starter culture necessary?
For best results, cells should not be growing actively prior to arabinose induction. This is achieved by using an overnight starter, where cells are already in the stationary growth phase, as stated in the protocol. If a fresher starter needs to be used, include arabinose already in the starter culture.
Q2: What buffer should the cell pellet be resuspended in?
Resuspend the cell pellet in water with or without 0.01% - 0.1% Triton X-100. For His-tag purification, resuspend in the His-Binding Buffer of the His-spin Protein Miniprep kit (Zymo Research product # P2001 or P2002). Acidic buffers and buffers containing higher concentrations of Mg2+ (>1 mM), and related metals that stabilize cell walls, inhibit lysis reaction to a various extent. If possible, add magnesium to the buffer after cells are lysed.
Q3: How do you improve lysis efficiency?
If the results obtained are not satisfactory, lysis can be significantly improved by incubating the cells at higher temperatures (25 - 37°C) or for longer time (10 or 20 minutes) after thawing (step 5).
Q4: What if the lysate is extremely viscous?
Depending on the amount of material used, the lysed material may become viscous, preventing efficient manipulation. However, for most applications it is not necessary to use a large amount of cell material. If necessary, vortexing vigorously for 30 seconds will decrease viscosity in most cases. Alternatively, a nuclease treatment (e.g. DNAse I) can be used to reduce viscosity. Diluting the cell lysate with additional buffer will also reduce viscosity issues.
Q5: Can glycerol be present during the freeze-thaw cycle?
Do not perform the freeze and thaw cycle in a buffer containing glycerol. Glycerol protects the E.coli from forming ice crystals which are essential to the lysis of the cells.
Q6: Can glucose be added to the growth media?
When glucose is added to the growth media, it inhibits the induction of the autolysis genes when it is present in the media. As the cells grow, they consume the glucose as a carbon source. Once the glucose has been consumed autolysis begins.
Q7: Will chitin be degraded?
Non-λ lysozyme usually is able to degrade chitin. However, the λ lysozyme expressed in these cells is not able to degrade chitin. λ lysozyme is a transglycosylase.
Q8: Are competent cells GMOs?
All our competent cells are classified into Biosafety level 1 and are not genetic modified organisms. Only when transformed with a plasmid they become GMOs.
Q9: Which is the recommended DNA concentration and volume for transformation?
There really is no maximum or minimum recommended DNA concentration, but we use 10 pg for quality control. However, the volume of DNA added should not exceed 5% of the cells total volume; the efficiency can decrease several fold as the volume of DNA used increases. If the DNA sample is too diluted, use our DNA Clean & Concentrator.
Q10: Which Plasmid Size can be used for transformation?
For Zymo 5α and Zymo 10B up to 20kb. However, transformation efficiency decreases proportionally from 10-20kb. Above 20kb, cells are difficult to transform. JM109, HB101, XJa, XJa (DE3), XJb, XJb (DE3) and TG1 can handle constructs up to 10kb.
Q11: Which antibiotics can be used with the Mix & Go! procedure?
No outgrowth is necessary when using Ampicillin or Carbenicillin for selection. However, an outgrowth step is required when using Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, and Tetracycline because of the mode of action of the antibiotic itself. We recommend the following procedure for the outgrowth step:1. Incubate cells on ice for 5-10 min after addition of plasmid. 2. Add 4 volumes of SOC media.3. Incubate at 37°C for 60 min with gentle shaking at 200-300 rpm.4. Spread on a pre-warmed culture plate containing the appropriate antibiotic.
Q12: Is it possible to dilute the competent cells?
We do not recommend diluting the competent cells. We recommend using less DNA to transform cells, or aliquot cells in smaller volumes before transformation. If absolutely necessary, cold 1X Competent Buffer (Mix & Go Transformation Kit, T3001 & T3002) should be used in the dilution.
Q13: How to reduce satellite colonies on agar plates?
– Prepare fresh agar plates – Use more antibiotics in plates – Incubate plates for a shorter time after plating cells
Q14: How will a heat-shock affect my Transformation Efficiency?
Heat shock is not necessary, however sometimes it can be beneficiary when preparing libraries or transforming XJb Autolysis E. coli strains.We recommend the following protocol for Heat Shock with Outgrowth: 1. Incubate cells on ice for 5-10 min after addition of plasmid. 2. Incubate cells at 42°C for 45 seconds.3. Add 450 ml of SOC to the cells.4. Incubate at 37°C for 60 min with gentle shaking at 200-300 rpm.5. Spread on a pre-warmed culture plate containing the appropriate antibiotic.
Q15: Do the Mix & Go! strains methylate DNA?
Yes
Q16: Are the Mix & Go! strains dam+ and dcm+?
Most cloning strains will be dam+/dcm+ unless specifically noted in the genotype.
Q17: What are some tips to improve transformation efficiency?
1. Thaw cells on ice, not room temperature.2. Incubate cells and DNA mixture on ice, not at room temperature. However, do not incubate longer then 1 hour.3. Ensure cells are still frozen when received.4. Pre-warm the culture plates at 37°C for at least 30 minutes.5. Prepare fresh LB agar plates containing the appropriate antibiotic. 6. Prepare a new DNA sample.7. Store the cells at -80°C (not 4°C or -20°C). If the freezer breaks, the cells should be OK as long as the temp does not go higher than -50°C.8. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Q18: Which strains are equivalent to the Zymo strains?
DH5α is equivalent to Zymo 5α. DH10B, Top10, and One Shot Top10 are equivalent to Zymo 10B.For XL-21 Blue, JM109 is the closest match and for Stbl3, HB101 is the closest match.
To clone new GFP-like fluorescent proteins from Obelia medusa, the authors identified the potential genes using expression libraries and cloned the genes into a vector. Expression of the proteins was facilitated by using XJb Autolysis E. coli cells from Zymo Research. The authors were able to purify three proteins from Obelia medusa that fluoresce in three different colors: cyan, green, and yellow.
Aglyamova, G.V. et al. (2011) Multi-colored homologs of the green fluorescent protein from hydromedusa Obelia sp. Photochem Photobiol Sci (8):1303-9.ebiomall.com
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CristinaAlberini教授的个人主页：http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/cristina-alberini
全文下载：
nature09667.pdf(558.65k)
② 干扰素（interferon，IFN）——是一种广谱抗病毒剂，并不直接杀伤或抑制病毒，而主要是通过细胞表面受体作用使细胞产生抗病毒蛋白，从而抑制乙肝病毒的复制；同时还可增强自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）、巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞的活力，从而起到免疫调节作用，并增强抗病毒能力；
③ 肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor，TNF）——杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞（直接杀伤或抑制作用、通过TNF对机体免疫功能的调节作用，促进T细胞及其它杀伤细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤、TNF作用于血管内皮细胞，损伤内皮细胞或导致血管功能紊乱，使血管损伤和血栓形成，造成肿瘤组织的局部血流阻断而发生出血、缺氧坏死）；提高中性粒细胞的吞噬能力，增加过氧化物阴离子产生，增强ADCC功能，刺激细胞脱颗粒和分泌髓过氧化物酶；抗感染；TNF是一种内源性热原质，引起发热，并诱导肝细胞急性期蛋白的合成；促进髓样白血病细胞向巨噬细胞分化，如促进髓样白血病细胞ML-1、单核细胞白血病细胞U937、早幼粒白血病细胞HL60的分化，机理不清楚；促进细胞增殖和分化；
④ 集落刺激因子（colonystimulating factor，CSF）——集落刺激因子是指能够刺激多能造血干细胞和不同发育分化，阶段造血干细胞增殖分化在半固体培养基中形成相应细胞集落的细胞因子。主要包括：干细胞生成因子（SCF）多能集落刺激因子（IL-3）、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）、粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和促红细胞生成素（EPO）。上述集落刺激因子除具有刺激不同发育分化阶段造血干细胞增生分化的功能外，其中有些还能促进或增强巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的吞噬杀伤功能；
所谓细胞因子是指由免疫细胞(单核细胞、T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞等)和某些非免疫细胞(如血管内皮细胞、表皮细胞、纤维母细胞)等经刺激而合成、分泌的一类具有多种生物学活性多肽或蛋白质。这些细胞因子分为几个大的家族，临床上常用的可以用于肿瘤治疗领域的有白细胞介素类(IL)、干扰素(IFN)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、造血因子和各种细胞生长因子等。从治疗目的讲，这些细胞因子可以用于血液肿瘤如白血病、淋巴瘤的治疗以及一些实体肿瘤的治疗，如恶性黑色素瘤、肾癌等。从辅助治疗角度来讲，这些细胞因子可以用于治疗由于化疗、放疗而造成的一些不良反应、并发症的治疗。例如，患者在接受化疗时往往会造成造血抑制，通过应用一些造血刺激因子可以加速患者的造血功能恢复，尽快脱离危险并进入下一周期的治疗
故选：A．
1.淋巴因子（lymphokine) 于命名，主要由淋巴细胞产生，包括T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和NK细胞等。重要的淋巴因子有IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-14、IFN-γ、TNF-β、GM-CSF和神经白细胞素等。
2.单核因子（monokine） 主要由单核细胞或巨噬细胞产生，如IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、G-CSF和M-CSF等。
3.非淋巴细胞、非单核-巨噬细胞产生的细胞因子 主要由骨髓和胸腺中的基质细胞、血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞等细胞产生，如EPO、IL-7、IL-11、SCF、内皮细胞源性IL-8和IFN-β等。
（二）根据细胞因子主要的功能不同分类
1.白细胞介素（interleukin, IL) 1979年开始命名。由淋巴细胞、单核细胞或其它非单个核细胞产生的细胞因子，在细胞间相互作用、免疫调节、造血以及炎症过程中起重要调节作用，凡命名的白细胞介素的cDNA基因克隆和表达均已成功，已报道有三十余种（IL-1―IL-38）。
2.集落刺激因子（colony stimulating factor, CSF) 根据不同细胞因子刺激造血干细胞或分化不同阶段的造血细胞在半固体培养基中形成不同的细胞集落，分别命名为G（粒细胞）-CSF、M（巨噬细胞）-CSF、GM（粒细胞、巨噬细胞）-CSF、Multi（多重）-CSF（IL-3）、SCF、EPO等。不同CSF不仅可刺激不同发育阶段的造血干细胞和祖细胞增殖的分化，还可促进成熟细胞的功能。
3.干扰素（interferon, IFN) 1957年发现的细胞因子，最初发现某一种病毒感染的细胞能产生一种物质可干扰另一种病毒的感染和复制，因此而得名。根据干扰素产生的来源和结构不同，可分为IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γ，他们分别由白细胞、成纤维细胞和活化T细胞所产生。各种不同的IFN生物学活性基本相同，具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等作用。
4.肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor, TNF) 最初发现这种物质能造成肿瘤组织坏死而得名。根据其产生来源和结构不同，可分为TNF-α和TNF-β两类，前者由单核-巨噬细胞产生，后者由活化T细胞产生，又名淋巴毒素（lymphotoxin, LT)。两类TNF基本的生物学活性相似，除具有杀伤肿瘤细胞外，还有免疫调节、参与发热和炎症的发生。大剂量TNF-α可引起恶液质，因而TNF-α又称恶液质素（cachectin)。
5.转化生长因子-β家族（transforming growth factor-β family, TGF-β family) 由多种细胞产生，主要包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGFβ1β2以及骨形成蛋白（BMP）等。
6.生长因子（growth factor,GF）如表皮生长因子（EGF）、血小板衍生的生长因子（PDGF）、成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）、肝细胞生长因子（HGF）、胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-1）、IGF-Ⅱ、白血病抑制因子（LIF）、神经生长因子（NGF）、抑瘤素M（OSM）、血小板衍生的内皮细胞生长因子（PDECGF）、转化生长因子-α（TGF-α）、血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）等。
7.趋化因子家族（chemokinefamily) 包括四个亚族：（1）C-X-C/α亚族，主要趋化中性粒细胞，主要的成员有IL-8、黑素瘤细胞生长刺激活性(GRO/MGSA）、血小板因子-4（PF-4）、血小板碱性蛋白、蛋白水解来源的产物CTAP-Ⅲ和β-thromboglobulin、炎症蛋白10（IP-10）、ENA-78；（2）C-C/β亚族，主要趋化单核细胞，这个亚族的成员包括巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1α（MIP-1α）、MIP-1β、RANTES、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1/MCAF）、MCP-2、MCP-3和I-309。（3）C型亚家族的代表有淋巴细胞趋化蛋白。（4）CX3C亚家族，Fractalkine是CX3C型趋化因子，对单核-巨噬细胞、T细胞及NK细胞有趋化作用。向左转|向右转
干扰素(Interferon，IFN)，是由英国科学家Isaacs于1957年利用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜研究流感病毒干扰现象时首先发现的，是一种细胞因子，具有抑制细胞分裂、调节免疫、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种作用。其本质是蛋白质，类型可分为α、β、γ、ω等几种。IFN能诱导细胞对病毒感染产生抗性，它通过干扰病毒基因转录或病毒蛋白组分的翻译，从而阻止或限制病毒感染，是目前最主要的抗病毒感染和抗肿瘤生物制品。
