Mini-Beadbeater-24
The Mini-Beadbeater-24 disrupts up to 24 microbial or tissue samples with better than 95 percent efficiency. Cells are disrupted quickly and safely in the sealed system. The apparatus is easy to clean, has a small footprint and is essentially maintenance free. Compared to the Minibeadbeater-16, the Mini-24 adds advanced electronics for enhanced motor function, variable speeds of 2400-3800 rpm and a 30% increase in microvial capacity.
Cat. No. 112011, Mini-BeadBeater-24, 115 voltCat. No. 112011EUR, Mini-Beadbeater-24, 230 volt
European buyers! The Mini-Beadbeater-24 is CE certified.
Our Price : $0.00
The Mini-BeadBeater-24 disrupts microbial cells and plant and animal tissue by violently agitating four to twentyfour 2 ml screw-cap microvials containing small glass, ceramic or steel beads and 0.1 to 1 ml disruption buffer. The performance of the Mini-BeadBeater equals or exceeds that of any other type or brand of cell disrupter. Even resistant samples like yeast, spores or fibrous tissue are completely homogenized in 1-3 minutes. The non-foaming, aerosol-free method preserves enzymes and organelles. In the presence of nucleic acid extraction media such as phenol, Gu-SCN or a commercial kit solution, DNA or RNA is recovered in the highest possible yield. The method is ideal for PAGE, PCR applications, and diagnostics using antibody or oligonucleotide probes. Because the beads and vials are disposable, there is absolutely zero cross-contamination between samples - essential for PCR techniques.
Protocols developed using a different model of the Mini-BeadBeater are transferable with minimal modification.
The Mini-Beadbeater-24 can also be used for dry grinding. Here, steel beads are added to hard samples such as hair, bone, teeth, seeds and minerals and are powdered in 10-60 seconds of operation. Resistant materials such as tendon, cartilage, rubber or some plastics can be powdered by pre-freezing the sample to liquid nitrogen temperatures (cryo-grinding), then grinding in the hard frozen state. Dry-grinding requires using special microvials resistant to breakage. When dry grinding with ceramic or steel beads at room temperature our 'XXTuff' microvials are recommended. Our Stainless steel microvials are available for dry grinding with steel beads at cryo-temperatures.
- Power: 115 volts, 60 Hz, 7.5 amps or 230 volts, 50 Hz, 3.7 amps
- Width: 10 in. Depth: 18 in. Height: 12 in. Weight 47 pounds
- Shaking pattern: Uses proven, more efficient near horizontal vial orientation
- Capacity: four to twenty four screw-cap microvials (0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 ml) each containing to 400 mg (wet weight) bio-sample
- Shaking speed: Digitally variable from 2400-3800 strokes/min. The calculated M/sec "performance" value is greater than all competitive beadbeater-type cell disrupters on the market.
- Throw or stroke displacement: 7/8 inches
- Controller: Digital 0-5 minute with auto reset and 3 programmable presets
- Magnetic lid interlock cuts power to the Mini-BeadBeater-24 if the lid is opened at any time.
- Removable vial-holding cassette
- No imposed motor cool-down-time between each sample run
- The Mini-BeadBeater-24 uses standard screw-cap plastic microvials. Stainless steel microvials or special reinforced polypropylene microvials ( XXTuff vials ) are available for dry- or cryo-milling with steel beads. Eight larger capacity, 7 ml vials can be processed using an accessory vial-holding ring (see Parts and Accessories below).
Buying Tips....
SHAKING TIME: If you are harvesting expressed proteins, for example, you need close to 100% cell disruption. But, if you want nucleic acids for PCR amplification, perhaps a partial disruption of cells is acceptable. Some manufacturers claim disruption times of less than 30 seconds. That may be fine for PCR work, but not for blotting.
SHAKING SPEED: Some manufacturers of beadbeaters (bead-mill) machine offer speed settings expressed in an ill-defined term: meters/second. The term combines measurable shaking speeds with vial displacements to create a unit presumed to define cell disruption power. Unfortunately, no unit is available that comprehensively defines cell disruption efficiency of bead mill grinding machines. Were it to exist, such a term would need to take into consideration not only shaking speed and distance of vial displacement, but also shaking direction (vertical vs.horizontal), shaking pattern (linear vs.figure eight), kinetics of change in shaking direction (sigmoidal vs. square wave), vial size and shape and other engineering variables. Clearly, the interplay of these variables is complex. They must be taken into consideration in the design of a high performance cell disrupter machine and, as might be expected, some machines achieve this goal better than others. Additionally, most published protocols rarely call for shaking speeds below the maximum shaking speed available from the machine. Thus, speed control, when available, can be viewed as a 'bell and whistle' feature.
FROM THE BIOSPEC 'TECH GUYS': BioSpec Products was the first to introduce 'beadbeating' cell disruption to the scientific laboratory 35 years ago. This method of cell disruption for small samples has replaced many traditional methods. In addition to BioSpec's current five models of beadbeater cell disruptor, about a dozen other manufacturers offer similar microvial-shaking 'beadbeater-type' cell disruptors*. Most of them are well designed and fulfill criteria for maximum cell disruption performance: Look for machines that have a shaking speed of at least 2000 rpm; a throw (or displacement) of the vial of at least 3/4 inches and a shaking orientation and pattern that maximizes bead circulation within the vial. As discussed earlier, other factors influencing cell disruption performance are numerous and complex. They cannot be expressed in a simple mathematical formula with units of meters/sec.
Here is a Rule of Thumb for operating any shaking-type, bead mill cell disruption machine offering variable shaking speed, whether made by BioSpec or any other manufacturer: If the objective is to disrupt cells, crank up the machine and get the job done. Operate the machine at its maximum speed setting. Special applications requiring lower operating speeds are rare. Grinding time will vary, depending on the type of sample. Generally, 2-3 minutes will get you close to total cell lysis. If you are doing PCR work and can settle for less than 100% lysis, shorter periods of beadbeating may suffice. Also important for good cell disruption is the choice of bead size, bead composition, and bead load. These later details are covered in operating instructions that accompany our machines and are also available on our home page under "INSTRUCTIONS"
If native proteins or intracellular organelles are being recovered, temperature control will be essential. With most high energy beadbeaters the grinding process increases the homogenate temperature about 10º per minute of beadbeating. This is most easily done by removing the microvials after one minute of beadbeating and cooling them in crushed ice/water mix for one minute. Recycle this one minute beadbeat and cooling cyle as necessary. Temperature control is not as important for nucleic acid extraction in nucleic acid extraction media.There are three equally important variables under the control of the user which determine efficiency of cell disruption: bead size, bead composition and bead load in the vial. These variables must be optimized by the user, not only for the 'beadbeater' machine which is in use, but for the type of sample being investigated. While there are commercially available vials prefilled with special bead mixes offering solutions for these three variables, one can usually get equivalent results and at the same time, save money by loading your own beads into vials. Only one kind and size of bead is usually needed. BioSpec's web site OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS and our web site Beads (Guide-lines) give straight forward advice on how to do that. And also, there are our tech guys standing by to help.
NOTES:
For the names and contact details of all commercially available bead mill cell disrupters see Cell Disrupters: A Review. In addition to shaking cell disrupters there are vortexing bead mill cell disrupters. Most function like the shaking bead mill cell disrupters but tend to be 5 to 10X slower in achieving complete disruption. The notable exception is BioSpec Product's NEW SoniBeast™ Cell Disrupter which can disrupt cells at rates up to 10X faster than the current commercial shaking-type beadbeating machines.
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CristinaAlberini教授的个人主页：http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/cristina-alberini
全文下载：
nature09667.pdf(558.65k)
② 干扰素（interferon，IFN）——是一种广谱抗病毒剂，并不直接杀伤或抑制病毒，而主要是通过细胞表面受体作用使细胞产生抗病毒蛋白，从而抑制乙肝病毒的复制；同时还可增强自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）、巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞的活力，从而起到免疫调节作用，并增强抗病毒能力；
③ 肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor，TNF）——杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞（直接杀伤或抑制作用、通过TNF对机体免疫功能的调节作用，促进T细胞及其它杀伤细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤、TNF作用于血管内皮细胞，损伤内皮细胞或导致血管功能紊乱，使血管损伤和血栓形成，造成肿瘤组织的局部血流阻断而发生出血、缺氧坏死）；提高中性粒细胞的吞噬能力，增加过氧化物阴离子产生，增强ADCC功能，刺激细胞脱颗粒和分泌髓过氧化物酶；抗感染；TNF是一种内源性热原质，引起发热，并诱导肝细胞急性期蛋白的合成；促进髓样白血病细胞向巨噬细胞分化，如促进髓样白血病细胞ML-1、单核细胞白血病细胞U937、早幼粒白血病细胞HL60的分化，机理不清楚；促进细胞增殖和分化；
④ 集落刺激因子（colonystimulating factor，CSF）——集落刺激因子是指能够刺激多能造血干细胞和不同发育分化，阶段造血干细胞增殖分化在半固体培养基中形成相应细胞集落的细胞因子。主要包括：干细胞生成因子（SCF）多能集落刺激因子（IL-3）、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）、粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和促红细胞生成素（EPO）。上述集落刺激因子除具有刺激不同发育分化阶段造血干细胞增生分化的功能外，其中有些还能促进或增强巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的吞噬杀伤功能；
所谓细胞因子是指由免疫细胞(单核细胞、T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞等)和某些非免疫细胞(如血管内皮细胞、表皮细胞、纤维母细胞)等经刺激而合成、分泌的一类具有多种生物学活性多肽或蛋白质。这些细胞因子分为几个大的家族，临床上常用的可以用于肿瘤治疗领域的有白细胞介素类(IL)、干扰素(IFN)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、造血因子和各种细胞生长因子等。从治疗目的讲，这些细胞因子可以用于血液肿瘤如白血病、淋巴瘤的治疗以及一些实体肿瘤的治疗，如恶性黑色素瘤、肾癌等。从辅助治疗角度来讲，这些细胞因子可以用于治疗由于化疗、放疗而造成的一些不良反应、并发症的治疗。例如，患者在接受化疗时往往会造成造血抑制，通过应用一些造血刺激因子可以加速患者的造血功能恢复，尽快脱离危险并进入下一周期的治疗
故选：A．
1.淋巴因子（lymphokine) 于命名，主要由淋巴细胞产生，包括T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和NK细胞等。重要的淋巴因子有IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-14、IFN-γ、TNF-β、GM-CSF和神经白细胞素等。
2.单核因子（monokine） 主要由单核细胞或巨噬细胞产生，如IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、G-CSF和M-CSF等。
3.非淋巴细胞、非单核-巨噬细胞产生的细胞因子 主要由骨髓和胸腺中的基质细胞、血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞等细胞产生，如EPO、IL-7、IL-11、SCF、内皮细胞源性IL-8和IFN-β等。
（二）根据细胞因子主要的功能不同分类
1.白细胞介素（interleukin, IL) 1979年开始命名。由淋巴细胞、单核细胞或其它非单个核细胞产生的细胞因子，在细胞间相互作用、免疫调节、造血以及炎症过程中起重要调节作用，凡命名的白细胞介素的cDNA基因克隆和表达均已成功，已报道有三十余种（IL-1―IL-38）。
2.集落刺激因子（colony stimulating factor, CSF) 根据不同细胞因子刺激造血干细胞或分化不同阶段的造血细胞在半固体培养基中形成不同的细胞集落，分别命名为G（粒细胞）-CSF、M（巨噬细胞）-CSF、GM（粒细胞、巨噬细胞）-CSF、Multi（多重）-CSF（IL-3）、SCF、EPO等。不同CSF不仅可刺激不同发育阶段的造血干细胞和祖细胞增殖的分化，还可促进成熟细胞的功能。
3.干扰素（interferon, IFN) 1957年发现的细胞因子，最初发现某一种病毒感染的细胞能产生一种物质可干扰另一种病毒的感染和复制，因此而得名。根据干扰素产生的来源和结构不同，可分为IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γ，他们分别由白细胞、成纤维细胞和活化T细胞所产生。各种不同的IFN生物学活性基本相同，具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等作用。
4.肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor, TNF) 最初发现这种物质能造成肿瘤组织坏死而得名。根据其产生来源和结构不同，可分为TNF-α和TNF-β两类，前者由单核-巨噬细胞产生，后者由活化T细胞产生，又名淋巴毒素（lymphotoxin, LT)。两类TNF基本的生物学活性相似，除具有杀伤肿瘤细胞外，还有免疫调节、参与发热和炎症的发生。大剂量TNF-α可引起恶液质，因而TNF-α又称恶液质素（cachectin)。
5.转化生长因子-β家族（transforming growth factor-β family, TGF-β family) 由多种细胞产生，主要包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGFβ1β2以及骨形成蛋白（BMP）等。
6.生长因子（growth factor,GF）如表皮生长因子（EGF）、血小板衍生的生长因子（PDGF）、成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）、肝细胞生长因子（HGF）、胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-1）、IGF-Ⅱ、白血病抑制因子（LIF）、神经生长因子（NGF）、抑瘤素M（OSM）、血小板衍生的内皮细胞生长因子（PDECGF）、转化生长因子-α（TGF-α）、血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）等。
7.趋化因子家族（chemokinefamily) 包括四个亚族：（1）C-X-C/α亚族，主要趋化中性粒细胞，主要的成员有IL-8、黑素瘤细胞生长刺激活性(GRO/MGSA）、血小板因子-4（PF-4）、血小板碱性蛋白、蛋白水解来源的产物CTAP-Ⅲ和β-thromboglobulin、炎症蛋白10（IP-10）、ENA-78；（2）C-C/β亚族，主要趋化单核细胞，这个亚族的成员包括巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1α（MIP-1α）、MIP-1β、RANTES、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1/MCAF）、MCP-2、MCP-3和I-309。（3）C型亚家族的代表有淋巴细胞趋化蛋白。（4）CX3C亚家族，Fractalkine是CX3C型趋化因子，对单核-巨噬细胞、T细胞及NK细胞有趋化作用。向左转|向右转
干扰素(Interferon，IFN)，是由英国科学家Isaacs于1957年利用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜研究流感病毒干扰现象时首先发现的，是一种细胞因子，具有抑制细胞分裂、调节免疫、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种作用。其本质是蛋白质，类型可分为α、β、γ、ω等几种。IFN能诱导细胞对病毒感染产生抗性，它通过干扰病毒基因转录或病毒蛋白组分的翻译，从而阻止或限制病毒感染，是目前最主要的抗病毒感染和抗肿瘤生物制品。
