
Human factor VII is a single chain, vitamin K-dependent, plasma glycoprotein which is synthesized in the liver (1-3). Prior to secretion into the blood, post translational modification by a vitamin K-dependent carboxylase produces ten-carboxyglutamic acid (gla) residues located in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule, which facilitate cell membrane binding. Factor VII is proteolytically activated to the serine protease, factor VIIa, during coagulation. Factor VII can be activated by thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa or factor XIIa. The activation results in cleavage of the single chain molecule on the COOH-terminal side of arginine-152, to produce an NH2-terminal derived light chain (Mr=20,000) and a COOH-terminal derived heavy chain (Mr=30,000) which remain covalently associated by a single disulfide bond. The light chain region contains the gla domain, as well as two growth factor domains which are homologous to human epidermal growth factor (EGF). A single β-hydroxyaspartic acid identified in factor VII is also located in the light chain region. The heavy chain region of factor VIIa contains the catalytic domain. Factor VIIa and the cofactor, tissue factor, may combine on negatively charged cell surfaces in a calcium dependent manner to form the extrinsic factor Xase enzyme complex. This enzyme complex catalyzes the conversion of both factor IX to factor IXa and factor X to factor Xa. The cDNA for factor VII has been isolated and the nucleotide sequence determined (4). Factor VII shares extensive sequence homology with other serine proteases including factor IX, factor X and protein C.
Human factor VII is purified using a combination of conventional techniques (2) and immunoaffinity chromatography (5). The purified protein is supplied in 50% (vol/vol) glycerol/H2O and should be stored at -20oC. Purity is determined by SDS-PAGE analysis and activity is measured in a factor VII clotting assay.
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双抗无论是在免疫学还是细胞操作,细胞培养中都不与二抗等同。双抗可以是抗一种抗原的两个抗体,去双抗夹心法。也可以是抗不同类型反应的作用物,如抗凝剂素。一般指两种抗生素。
液体的一抗加50%甘油,-20度也不会冻结,可保存3-5年;
经常使用时取出一小份,4度可使用半年之久;
粉末状的二抗直接-20或-80度贮藏就行了。
(一)包被用抗原
用于包被固相载体的抗原按其来源不同可分为天然抗原、重组抗原和合成多肽抗原三大类。天然抗原可取自动物组织、微生物培养物等,须经提取纯化才能作包被用。如HBsAg可以从携带者的血清中提取,一般的细菌和病毒抗原可以从其培养物中提取,蛋白成份抗原可从富含此抗原的材料中提取等(例如AFP从脐带血或胎肝中提取)。重组抗原是抗原基因在质粒体中表达的蛋白质抗原,多以大肠杆菌或酵母菌为质粒体。重组抗原的优点是除工程菌成份外,其他杂质少,而且无传染性,但纯化技术难度较大。以大肠杆菌为质粒体的重组抗原如不能充分除大肠杆菌成份,用于ELISA试剂盒,在反应中可出现假阳性,因不少受检者受大肠杆菌感染而在血清中存在抗大肠杆菌抗体。重组抗原的另一特点是能用基因工程制备某些无法从天然材料中分离的抗原物质。例如丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)尚不能培养成功,而且丙肝病人血清中HCV抗原含量极微。目前检测抗HCVELISA中所用包被抗原大多为根据HCV的基因克隆表达而制备的重组抗原。在传染病诊断中,不少重组抗原如HBsAg、HBeAg和HIV抗原等均在ELISA中取得应用。合成多肽抗原是根据蛋白质抗原分子的某一抗原决定簇的氨基酸序列人工合成的多肽片段。多肽抗原一般只含有一个抗原决定簇,纯度高,特异性也高,但由于分子量太小,往往难于直接吸附于固相上。多肽抗原的包被一般需先使其与无关蛋白质如牛血清白蛋白质(BSA)等偶联,借助于偶联物与固相载体的吸附,间接地结合到固相载体表面。应用多肽抗原的另一注意点为他仅能检测与其相应的抗体。一种蛋白质抗原往往含有多个不同的能引起抗体产生的决定簇,因此在受检血清中的其他抗体就不能与该多肽抗原发生反应。另外,某些微生物发生变异时往往发生抗原结构变化,在这种情况下,用个别多肽抗原进行包被可引起其他抗体的漏检。
(二)ELISA试剂盒包被用抗体
包被固相载体的抗体应具有高亲和力和高特异性,可取材于抗血清或含单克隆抗体的腹水或培养液。如免疫用抗原中含有杂质(即便是极微量的),在抗血清中将出现杂抗体,必须除去(可用吸收法)后才能用于ELISA,以保证试验的特异性。抗血清不能直接用于包被,应先提取IgG,通常采用硫酸铵盐析和Sephadex凝胶过滤法。一般经硫酸铵盐析粗提的IgG已可用于包被,高度纯化的IgG性质不稳定。如需用高亲和力的抗体包被以提高试验的敏感性,则可采用亲和层析法以除去抗血清中含量较多的非特异性IgG。腹水中单抗的浓度较高,特异性亦较强,因此不需要作吸收和亲和层析处理,一般可将腹水作适当稀释后直接包被,必要时也可用纯化的IgG。应用单抗包被时应注意,一种单抗仅针对一种抗原决定簇,在某些情况下,用多种单抗混合包被,可取得更好的效果。展开
一抗的英语是 resistance No.1,二抗resistance No.2.

