| PhloretinA dihydrochalcone found in apple |
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Nature.2017 Jan 19;541(7637):417-420.
Nature.2018 Nov;563(7731):407-411.Nature.2018 Jun 13.Nature.2018 Jun 27.Nature.2018 Mar 29;555(7698):673-677.Nature.2017 Sep 7;549(7670):96-100.Nature.2016 Apr 21;532(7599):398-401.
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- Purity = 99.81%
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Chemical structure
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | U87 and U251 cell lines |
Preparation method | The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >9.25mg/mL. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37℃ for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while. Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. |
Reacting condition | 0-300 μM; 12, 24, and 48 h; 37°C |
Applications | In U87 and U251 cell lines, Phloretin inhibited colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Phloretin also inhibited cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent way. In U87 cells, Phloretin induced cell cycle arrest at the G0-G1 phase and significantly induced apoptosis. Phloretin also triggered the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice |
Dosage form | 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg; intraperitoneally injection |
Application | In ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice, Phloretin (PT) could significantly diminish airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Phloretin significantly reduced numbers of eosinophils and total cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BalF). Phloretin also decreased malondialdehyde levels in the lung and reduced Th2 cytokine production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. |
Other notes | Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal. |
References: [1]. Huang WC1, Fang LW2, Liou CJ3, et al. Phloretin Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Asthmatic Mice. Front Immunol. 2017 Feb 13;8:134. [2] Najafian M, Jahromi M Z, Nowroznejhad M J, Phloridzin reduces blood glucose levels and improves lipids metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2012, 39(5): 5299-306. | |
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| Cas No. | 60-82-2 | SDF | Download SDF |
| Synonyms | NSC 407292;RJC 02792 | ||
| Chemical Name | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(C1=C(O)C=C(O)C=C1O)CCC2=CC=C(O)C=C2 | ||
| Formula | C15H14O5 | M.Wt | 274.27 |
| Solubility | ≥105 mg/mL in DMSO, ≥87.6 mg/mL in EtOH, <2.68 mg/ml="" in="" h2o=""> | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| Physical Appearance | A solid | Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution : ship with blue ice.All other available size:ship with RT , or blue ice upon request |
| General tips | For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. | ||
Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols which can be found in apple tree leaves and Manchurian apricot. Phloretin inhibits the active transport of glucose into cells via sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT) 1 and 2 with IC50 value of 49±12 μM [2].
SGLTs are a family of glucose transporter which is found in the small intestine mucosa (SGLT 1) and nephron proximal tubule (SGLT 2). They contribute to the renal glucose reabsorption.
After treatment of phloretin, differentiated 3T3-L1 cells exhibited significantly enhanced glycerol and the inhibition of adipogenesis-related transcription factor that were regulated by SGLTs. Additionally, phloretin promoted phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and increased activity of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase [1]. When RAW 263.7 cells were cultured from differentiated 3T3-L1 cell media, PT suppressed the SGLT-associated nuclear transcription factor kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways [1].
In streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes type I, oral administration of phloridzin (5/10/20/40 mg/kg/day) resulted in significant reduction of blood glucose levels and improved dyslipidemia. Additionally, Administration of phloridzin reduced urine volume and water intake in a dose-dependent manner [3].
References:[1] Huang W C et al. , Phloretin and phlorizin promote lipolysis and inhibit inflammation in mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in macrophage-adipocyte co-cultures. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013, 57: 1807-1817.[2] Kasahara T, Kasahara M. Expression of the rat GLUT1 glucose transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J. 1996, 315 ( Pt 1):177-182.[3] Najafian M, Jahromi M Z, Nowroznejhad M J, Phloridzin reduces blood glucose levels and improves lipids metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2012, 39(5): 5299-306.
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而方波是一种数字信号，其电信号在一应时间内保持持续稳定的点击，并在点击后瞬间消失，对细胞的损伤较小，转化效率较高。
t=RC，其中t是时程，R是电阻，C是电容，我不知道这个电阻是不是电转杯的电阻还是电转仪本身有个电阻，如果有哪位大侠知道能不能告诉?
联系方式：wuyixuansunny@sohu.com
表皮分布于幼嫩的根、茎、叶、花、果实和种子的表面，通常是一层由初生分生组织的原表皮分化而来的生活细胞（夹竹桃等植物的叶上表皮，具有多层生活细胞所组成的复表皮），是保护植株免于风、雨、病原微生物和虫害等伤害的初生保护组织。表皮以表皮细胞为主，另有保卫细胞、副卫细胞及外生物等，有些植物的表皮中还有特化的异细胞。表皮的形态特征是物种鉴定的依据之一。
