
AmmTx3hasbeenoriginallyisolatedfromthevenomofthescorpionAndroctonusmauretanicusandisnowofferedbySmartoxinitssyntheticversion.AmmTx3bindsonitstargetA-typepotassiumchannelwithanaffinityof66pMinratbrainsynaptosomes(Kv4channels).Assuch,AmmTx3shouldrepresentanexcellenttooltostudyactionpotentialfiringfrequency,spikeinitiationandwaveforminexcitablecells.AmmTx3wasindeedfoundtoblockA-typepotassiumcurrentsfromcerebellumgranularcellsandfromstriatumneuronsbutwithIC50valuesof130nM.AmmTx3appearstobeaporeblockerofKv4.2andKv4.3andseemstorequiretheexpressionoftheKv4associatedproteinDPP6.Itshouldalsocontributetoourunderstandingoflearning,memoryandbehavior.AmmTx3sharesveryhighsequencehomologywithtwootherA-typepotassiumchannelblockers,Aa1fromAndroctonusaustralis(94%)andBmTx3fromButhusmartensi(91%),andaccordingtobindingexperimentsthesamechanneltargetaswell.AmmTx3isamemberofthea-KTX15familyoftoxinsandconsistofasinglechainof37aminoacidresidues,withanN-terminalpyroglutamate,cross-linkedbythreedisulfidebridges.
NewproductcitationDescription:
AAsequence:Pyr-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asn-Lys-Lys-Cys8-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Cys13-Ala-Ser-Val-Cys17-Arg-Lys-Val-Ile-Gly-Val-Ala-Ala-Gly-Lys-Cys28-Ile-Asn-Gly-Arg-Cys33-Val-Cys35-Tyr-Pro-OH
Disulfidebonds:Cys8-Cys28,Cys13-Cys33andCys17-Cys35
Length(aa):37
Formula:C158H263N51O47S6
MolecularWeight:3821.52 Da
Appearance:whitelyophilizedsolid
Solubility:waterorsalinebuffer
CASnumber:
Source:Synthetic
Purityrate:>98%
Reference:
Dipeptidyl-peptidase-like-proteinsconferhighsensitivitytothescorpiontoxinAmmTX3toKv4-mediatedA-typeK+channels
K+channelscontainingKv4.2andKv4.3pore-formingsubunitsmediatemostofthesubthreshold-operatingsomatodendriticA-typeK+currentinCNSneurons.Thesechannelsarebelievedtobeimportantinregulatingthefrequencyofrepetitivefiring,thebackpropagationofactionpotentialintodendrites,anddendriticintegrationandplasticity.Moreover,theyhavebeenimplicatedinseveraldiseasesfrompaintoepilepsyandautismspectrumdisorders.Thelackoftoxinsthatspecificallyandefficientlyblockthesechannelshashamperedstudiesaimedatconfirmingtheirfunctionalroleandtheirinvolvementindisease.AmmTX3andotherrelatedmembersoftheα-KTX15familyofscorpiontoxinshavebeenshowntoblocktheA-typeK+currentinculturedneurons,buttheirspecificityhasbeenquestionedbecausethetoxinsdonotefficientlyblockthecurrentsmediatedbyKv4.2orKv4.3subunitsexpressedinheterologouscells.Hereweshowthatthehigh-affinityblockadeofKv4.2andKv4.3channelsbyAmmTX3dependsonthepresenceoftheauxiliarysubunitsDPP6andDPP10.TheseproteinsarethoughttobecomponentsoftheKv4channelcomplexinneuronsandtobeimportantforchannelexpressionindendrites.ThesestudiesvalidatetheuseofAmmTX3asablockeroftheKv4-mediatedA-typeK+currentinneurons.
MaffieJK.,etal.(2013)Dipeptidyl-peptidase-like-proteinsconferhighsensitivitytothescorpiontoxinAmmTX3toKv4-mediatedA-typeK+channels.JPhysiol.PMID:23440961
Scorpiontoxinsthatblocktransientcurrents(IA)ofratcerebellumgranularcells
Thiscommunicationisarevisionofthestate-of-the-artknowledgeofthefieldofscorpiontoxinsspecificfortheK(+)-channels,responsIBLefortheI(A)currentsofgranularcellsofratcerebellum,maintainedinvitroculture.Thereare6membersofthesub-familyalpha-KTx15knowntoaffecttheI(A)currents.Theyare:toxinsAa1fromAndroctonusaustralisGarzoni,BmTx3fromButhusmartensiKarch,AmmTx3fromAndroctonusmauretanicusmauretanicus,AATx1andAaTx2fromA.australisGarzoniandDiscrepinfromTityusdiscrepans.Theysharehighsequencesimilarity,apartfromDiscrepin,whichcausesanirreversibleeffectontheI(A)currentsandisthemostthoroughlystudiedtoxinofthesub-familyalpha-KTx15.Thethree-dimensionalstructureofDiscrepinwasdeterminedandaseriesofmutantsweresynthesizedandassayedinthesystemwiththeaimofidentifyingpossibleaminoacidsorsequencesegmentsresponsiblefortheirreversibleeffectfound.Inthisrevisionsomeunpublishedoriginaldataarealsoincludedtofosterfutureworkonthefield,aswellasashortdiscussiononsomerelevantaspectsstillpendingandpossiblelimitationsassociatedwiththestrategyproposed.
PrestipinoG.,etal.(2009)Scorpiontoxinsthatblocktransientcurrents(IA)ofratcerebellumgranularcells.ToxicolLett.PMID:19429236
Definitionofthealpha-KTx15subfamily
Threenovelscorpiontoxins,Aa1fromAndroctonusaustralis,BmTX3fromButhusmartensiandAmmTX3fromAndroctonusmauretanicuswereshownabletoselectivelyblockA-typeK+currentsincerebellumgranularcellsorculturedstriatumneuronsfromratbrain.Inelectrophysiologyexperiments,thetransientA-currentcompletelydisappearedwhen1microMofthetoxinswasappliedtotheexternalsolutionwhereasthesustainedK+currentwasunaffected.Thethreetoxinssharedhighsequencehomologies(morethan94%)andconstitutedanew‘short-chain’scorpiontoxinsubfamily:alpha-KTx15.Monoiododerivativeof125I-sBmTX3specificallyboundtoratbrainsynaptosomes.Underequilibriumbindingconditions,maximumbindingwas14fmol/mgofproteinandthedissociationconstant(Kd)was0.21nM.ThisKdvaluewasconfirmedbykineticexperiments(kon=6.0x10(6)M(-1)s(-1)andkoff=6.0x10(-4)s(-1)).CompetitionswithAmmTX3andAa1with125I-sBmTX3boundtoitsreceptoronratbrainsynaptosomesshowedthattheyfullyinhibitedthe125I-sBmTX3binding(Kivaluesof20and44pM,respectively),demonstratingunambiguouslythatthethreemoleculessharedthesametargetinratbrain.ApaneloftoxinsdescribedasspecificligandsfordifferentK+,Na+andCa2+channelswerenotabletodisplace125I-sBmTX3fromitsbindingsite.Thus,125I-sBmTX3isanewligandforastillunidentifiedtargetinratbrain.InautorADIography,thedistributionof125I-sBmTX3bindingsitesintheadultratbrainindicatedahighdensityof125I-sBmTX3receptorsinthestriatum,hippocampus,superiorcolliculus,andcerebellum.
VacherH.,etal.(2004)Definitionofthealpha-KTx15subfamily.Toxicon.PMID:15208021
Expandingthescorpiontoxina-KTX15familywithAmmTX3fromAndroctonusmauretanicus
Anoveltoxin,AmmTX3(3823.5Da),wasisolatedfromthevenomofthescorpionAndroctonusmauretanicus.Itshowed94%sequencehomologywithAa1fromAndroctonusaustralisand91%withBmTX3fromButhusmartensiwhich,respectively,blockA-typeK+currentincerebellumgranularcellsandstriatumculturedneurons.BindinganddisplacementexperimentsusingratbrainsynaptosomesshowedthatAmmTX3andAa1competedeffectivelywith125I-labelledsBmTX3binding.Theyfullyinhibitedthe125I-labelledsBmTX3binding(Kivaluesof19.5pmand44.2pm,respectively),demonstratingunambiguouslythatthethreemoleculessharedthesametargetinratbrain.Thespecificbindingparametersof125I-labelledAmmTX3foritssiteweredeterminedatequilibrium(Kd=66pm,BMAx=22fmolpermgofprotein).Finally,patch-clampexperimentsonstriatalneuronsinculturedemonstratedthatAmmTX3wasabletoinhibittheA-typeK+current(Ki=131nm).
VacherH.,etal.(2002)Expandingthescorpiontoxina-KTX15familywithAmmTX3fromAndroctonusmauretanicus.Eur.J.Biochem.PMID:12473099
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pH(1)=pKa+lg[c(CH₃COONa)/c(CH₃COOH)]=pKa=4.74
通HCl后,溶液是c(CH₃COOH)=0.2mol/L、c(NaCl)=0.1mol/L的混合溶液,溶液pH按照弱酸溶液pH的求法求.
c(H⁺)=√[Ka*c(CH₃COOH)]=√(10^-4.74*0.2)=0.00191(mol/L)(采用了近似公式)
pH(2)=-lg{c(H⁺)}=2.72
两个pH求得,那么pH的变化量也就可得了.pH的变化量=|pH(2)-pH(1)|=|2.72-4.74|=2.02
1)PH缓冲溶液作用原理和pH值
当往某些溶液中加入一定量的酸和碱时,有阻碍溶液pH变化的作用,称为缓冲作用,这样的溶液叫做缓冲溶液.弱酸及其盐的混合溶液(如HAc与NaAc),弱碱及其盐的混合溶液(如NH3·H2O与NH4Cl)等都是缓冲溶液.
由弱酸HA及其盐NaA所组成的缓冲溶液对酸的缓冲作用,是由于溶液中存在足够量的碱A-的缘故.当向这种溶液中加入一定量的强酸时,H离子基本上被A-离子消耗:
所以溶液的pH值几乎不变;当加入一定量强碱时,溶液中存在的弱酸HA消耗OH-离子而阻碍pH的变化.
2)PH缓冲溶液的缓冲能力
在缓冲溶液中加入少量强酸或强碱,其溶液pH值变化不大,但若加入酸,碱的量多时,缓冲溶液就失去了它的缓冲作用.这说明它的缓冲能力是有一定限度的.
缓冲溶液的缓冲能力与组成缓冲溶液的组分浓度有关.0.1mol·L-1HAc和0.1mol·L-1NaAc组成的缓冲溶液,比0.01mol·L-1HAc和0.01mol·L-1NaAc的缓冲溶液缓冲能力大.关于这一点通过计算便可证实.但缓冲溶液组分的浓度不能太大,否则,不能忽视离子间的作用.
组成缓冲溶液的两组分的比值不为1∶1时,缓冲作用减小,缓冲能力降低,当c(盐)/c(酸)为1∶1时△pH最小,缓冲能力大.不论对于酸或碱都有较大的缓冲作用.缓冲溶液的pH值可用下式计算:
此时缓冲能力大.缓冲组分的比值离1∶1愈远,缓冲能力愈小,甚至不能起缓冲作用.对于任何缓冲体系,存在有效缓冲范围,这个范围大致在pKaφ(或pKbφ)两侧各一个pH单位之内.
弱酸及其盐(弱酸及其共轭碱)体系pH=pKaφ±1
弱碱及其盐(弱碱及其共轭酸)体系pOH=pKbφ±1
例如HAc的pKaφ为4.76,所以用HAc和NaAc适宜于配制pH为3.76~5.76的缓冲溶液,在这个范围内有较大的缓冲作用.配制pH=4.76的缓冲溶液时缓冲能力最大,此时(c(HAc)/c(NaAc)=1.
3)PH缓冲溶液的配制和应用
为了配制一定pH的缓冲溶液,首先选定一个弱酸,它的pKaφ尽可能接近所需配制的缓冲溶液的pH值,然后计算酸与碱的浓度比,根据此浓度比便可配制所需缓冲溶液.
以上主要以弱酸及其盐组成的缓冲溶液为例说明它的作用原理、pH计算和配制方法.对于弱碱及其盐组成的缓冲溶液可采用相同的方法.
PH缓冲溶液在物质分离和成分分析等方面应用广泛,如鉴定Mg2离子时,可用下面的反应:
白色磷酸铵镁沉淀溶于酸,故反应需在碱性溶液中进行,但碱性太强,可能生成白色Mg(OH)2沉淀,所以反应的pH值需控制在一定范围内,因此利用NH3·H2O和NH4Cl组成的缓冲溶液,保持溶液的pH值条件下,进行上述反应.
这就是说不用酸碱预处理吗?
Whatman的网站上没有DE52最大耐受压力,请问又经验的战友应该是多少?
Whatman的网站上:
DE32DryMicrogranularDEAECellulose
SimilarperformancecharacteristicsafterprecyclingasDE52.
DE52PreswollenMicrogranularDEAECellulose
ProbablythemostwidelyusedDEAEcelluloseintheworld;usedforbiopolymerswithlowtohighnegativecharges;exhibitsexcellentresolutionwithgoodflowrates.
附件是一本图书(MethodsinMolecularMedicine,)的章节,上面说:
WhatmanDEAE52comesalreadypreswollenandonlyneedstobetransferred
totherunningbuffer50mMTE8.
lAntibodiesUsingIonExchangeChromatography.pdf(87.06k)
是否可以理解为纯化水得PH范围为6.3-7.6?能否直接用pH计测量?谢谢!


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