
Human CD154 (CD40 Ligand) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and is expressed on the surface of activated T cells. Interaction of CD154 and CD40 is essential for isotype switching in B cells. Known genetic defects that alter this interaction lead to impaired immune system function (1). CD154 has been shown to be hyperexpressed by B and T cells in SLE patients (4). CD154 has been reported to be expressed on vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages indicating a possible role for the CD40-CD154 immunoregulatory signaling mechanism during inflammation and immunity in atherogenesis (6).
Isotype: Murine IgG1
Immunogen: Human sgp39 fusion protein
Specificity: Antibody 24-31 immunoprecipitates a CD154 (gp39) molecule of about 39 kd. This clone has been reported to cross react with Cynomolgus and Rhesus Monkey CD154.
Functional Application: The antibody 24-31 will block MLR, sgp39 induced human B cell proliferation and T cell dependent B cell differentiation (9).
References:
1. D. Gray, et al, (1994) Seminars in Immunol 6: 303-310.
2. F. Pietravalle, et al, (1996) J Biol Chemistry 271: 5965-5967.
3. R.J. Noelle, (1996) Immunity 4: 415-419.
4. A. Desai-Mehta, et al, (1996) J Clin Invest 97: 2063-2073.
5. I.S. Grewal and R.A. Flavell, (1996) Immunol Today 17: 410-414.
6. F. Mach, et al, (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1931-1936.
7. F. Pietraville, et al, (1996) Eur J. Immunol 26:725-728.
8. U.G. Wagner, C. Weyland, et al, (1998) J Immunol 161: 6390-6397.
9. M. Epeldegui, O. Martinez-Maza, et al. (2010) PLOS one 5(7): e11448. PMID: 20625427.
10. B Barnhart, L R Covey, et al. (2000) Immunology 99(1): 54-61. PMID: 10651941
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http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/8/1479
OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemiaisariskfactorformicrovascularcomplicationsandmayincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseinpatientswithtype2diabetes.ThisstudytestedtheLDLcholesterol–loweringagentcolesevelamHCl(colesevelam)asapotentialnoveltreatmentforimprovingglycemiccontrolinpatientswithtype2diabetesonsulfonylurea-basedtherapy.
RESEARCHDESIGNANDMETHODS—A26-week,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-group,multicenterstudywascarriedoutbetweenAugust2004andAugust2006toevaluatetheefficacyandsafetyofcolesevelamforreducingA1Cinadultswithtype2diabeteswhoseglycemiccontrolwasinadequate(A1C7.5–9.5%)withexistingsulfonylureamonotherapyorsulfonylureaincombinationwithadditionaloralanti-diabetesagents.Intotal,461patientswererandomized(230givencolesevelam3.75g/dayand231givenplacebo).Theprimaryefficacymeasurementwasmeanplacebo-correctedchangeinA1Cfrombaselinetoweek26intheintent-to-treatpopulation(lastobservationcarriedforward).
RESULTS—Theleastsquares(LS)meanchangeinA1Cfrombaselinetoweek26was–0.32%inthecolesevelamgroupand+0.23%intheplacebogroup,resultinginatreatmentdifferenceof–0.54%(P<0.001).TheLSmeanpercentchangeinLDLcholesterolfrombaselinetoweek26was–16.1%inthecolesevelamgroupand+0.6%intheplacebogroup,resultinginatreatmentdifferenceof–16.7%(P<0.001).FurThermore,significantreductionsinfastingplasmaglucose,fructosamine,totalcholesterol,non–HDLcholesterol,andapolipoproteinBweredemonstratedinthecolesevelamrelativetoplacebogroupatweek26.
CONCLUSIONS—ColesevelamimprovedglycemiccontrolandreducedLDLcholesterollevelsinpatientswithtype2diabetesreceivingsulfonylurea-basedtherapy.
多肽和蛋白质类激素(不可口服):促甲状腺激素释放激素,促甲状腺激素,促性腺激素、生长激素,催乳素,胰岛素,胰高血糖素,
氨基酸类衍生物(可口服):甲状腺激素、肾上腺素
脂质类激素:(可口服)性激素和孕激素
蛋白质类激素不能口服,因会被消化液中的蛋白酶分解(——这是原因)
这是我们老师说的哦!!希望对你有帮助
作者、斯坦福大学医学中心的梅斯勒(AnnaH.Messner)和同事解释,有多个研究曾检查了在扁桃体切除手术前使用类固醇类药的情况,但得到的结果不一。据他们在8月《耳鼻喉、头、颈外科文献》(ArchOtolaryngolHeadNeckSurg2004;130:917-921)上发表的论文说,他们对这种病人进行了一项最大的前瞻性、随机、双盲研究。
共219名9个月至12岁的参试者被随机分为或用地塞米松1mg/kg,最大剂量至50mg(n=106),或用安慰剂(n=113)。在药物组中,62人进行的扁桃体切除术采用的是电烧烙法,44人采用的是锐性分离。安慰剂两种方法分别为56人和57人。术后第一天,类固醇组医生评定的Wong-Baker可视模拟量表上的疼痛分平均为4.4,安慰剂组5.3(p<0.001);前组家长评估的疼痛分(p=0.002)和病儿自己评估的疼痛分((p=0.002))也明显更低。类固醇组有1.2次呕吐发作,安慰剂组2.1次(p=0.02),前组也更快地恢复了正常进食(=0.004)。另外,作者还发现,进行锐性分离的病人使用类固醇受益最大,医生和家长评估的疼痛分显著低于电烧烙组。
“我们的研究结果支持在进行扁桃体手术时以1mg/kg的剂量IV地塞米松”,研究者总结。

