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Mycoplasmas in cell culture are – among other things – affecting cell growth and cell physiology seriously leading to unsatisfying and less significant results. The increasingly widespread use of more sophisticated and sensitive methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures has resulted in contamination being detected in numerous cultures. This raises the issue of how to eliminate mycoplasma contamination. Naturally, the ideal solution is to discard the contaminated cells. However, if the valuable cells that are stored in liquid nitrogen are also contaminated, a solution is required for eliminating the mycoplasmas and preparing a new cell bank, particularly if the cells are unique and the result of extensive work. The most commonly used method for elimination, inactivation, or suppression of mycoplasmas in cell cultures is treatment with distinct antibiotics. In general, antibiotic therapies do not result in long-lasting, successful elimination. Also, the cytotoxic properties of antibiotics can cause undesirable side effects on eukaryotic cells and may facilitate the development of resistant mycoplasma strains.
The new Mycoplasma-EX method for mycoplasma elimination overcomes all of these drawbacks combining a non-antibiotic and a thoroughly adjusted antibiotic treatment resulting in unique features as compared to other methods and products. Mycoplasma-EX is the first biological reagent that eliminates mycoplasmas by directly killing them, and not just by inhibiting their growth. It is the only anti-mycoplasma agent that can be used to clean virus stocks and most eukaryotic cell cultures directly while showing an extremely low cytotoxicity. Mycoplasma-EX has been shown to be effective with only one treatment, destroying mycoplasmas permanently within 2-3 hours using the non-antibiotic Initial Treatment Reagent only. When using in addition the antibiotic Succession Treatment Reagent, the teatment time extends to – depending on the cell type – two to four weeks. Mycoplasma-Ex is applicable for most cell lines (e.g. Vero, BHK21, GBK, ML, Hep2, 293, CRFK, H9, Molt4, MT-4, Jurkat) and primary cells as well as virus stocks (e.g. SHV-1, BHV-1, HSV-1, VSV, SFV, FCV, MEV). Success of mycoplasma elimination has to be determined after the initial and – if required – succession treatment using a sensitive mycoplasma detection kit.
Benefits of Mycoplasma-EX:– highly effective against M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. hominis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, M. arginini, M. fermentans, and other mycoplasma species usually encountered as contaminants in cell cultures– combined non-antibiotic and antibiotic treatment– significantly reduced treatment time– ease of use– temperature stable, ready-to-use solution– no additional dosing during the treatment necessary– low cytotoxicity: kills mycoplasmas very efficiently – but is safe for cells
Mycoplasma-EX is a sterile, ready-to-use solution, aliquoted per tube for single use. Store the original container at temperatures of2 to 8°C.
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当然跟物种有关。
我觉得封闭这一步时间长短多少并不能减少背景…背景过深多半还是抗体浓度过大…不管一抗还是二抗过大都会使背景加深…一抗的浓度不一定是条带清晰就是最佳了…联系进一步优化一下
这个主要还是抗体的问题，WB最主要的还是要选择一个特异性较好的抗体，抗体是整个实验的重中之重
GAPDH
万能内参
主要看你的目标蛋白的分子量多大，“目标蛋白要与内参蛋白的分子量差异大！”
方便检测
核蛋白，有很多种，分子量不同
膜蛋白，有很多很多种，分子量不同
浆蛋白，有成千上万种，分子量不同。
具体实验，具体目的蛋白，具体的内参。
因为这个实验用到了抗体，抗体是特异识别某一种蛋白的，所以只要能检测到信号，说明样品中有该蛋白存在，如果有相应的对照，也能半定量说明该蛋白的量如何。
一.样本种属来源：
首先要考虑的就是实验样本来源于什么物种。
1、哺乳动物的组织或者细胞样本，通常选择β-actin、β-tubulin、GAPDH、Lamin B、Histone H3、Na,K atpase等。
2、植物来源实验样本，则可以选择plantactin、Rubisco等。
3、其他来源样本研究较少，所以就应该参照文献报导，选择合适的蛋白作为内参。
二.目的蛋白分子量：
选择内参抗体时，应该考虑目的蛋白分子量的大小。通常应该保证目的蛋白与内参蛋白分子量相差5KD以上。比如目的蛋白分子量为45KD，此时不适宜选择β-actin作为内参，可以考虑选择GAPDH或者β-tubulin作为内参。
三.目的蛋白表达部位：
就一般的蛋白检测来说，β-actin、β-Tubulin抗体等就可以了，而针对于核蛋白的定量，特别是样本蛋白就是核蛋白时，选择恰当的核蛋白内参则更能体现内部参照的价值。常用的核内参抗体有Lamin A、Lamin B、Histone H3，除此之外，其它常见的核蛋白内参还有PCNA、K70、K80等，在一些文献报道中，Erk2、TATA binding protein(TBP)以及c-Jun、c-Fos等都有使用。而对于膜蛋白检测，常用的内参抗体为Na,K ATPase。对于线粒体蛋白的检测，常用VDAC1和COX IV作为内参抗体。
以上几条原则只是针对通常情况，但是需要注意的问题是——内参的选择需要考虑实际的试验环境，比如某些细胞中，由于组织缺氧、糖尿病等因素会导致GAPDH的表达增高，不适合做内参。比如在涉及细胞增殖相关试验中，c-Jun由于自身表达变化就不适合做内参;而在凋亡实验时，TBP、Lamin等也不适合作为内参。因此设计实验方案的时候应该考虑这些因素并查询相应文献，在实验过程中也应该注意如果内参表达出现异常，应考虑这方面因素。
以上信息来自。
内参抗体：
Beta-Actin mAb (1C7) 细胞总蛋白 42 kD Abbkine A01010 小鼠源单克隆
Beta-Actin mAb (1C7) , HRP 细胞总蛋白 42 kD Abbkine A01015 小鼠源单克隆,HRP偶联
GAPDH mAb (2B5) 细胞总蛋白 36 kD Abbkine A01020 小鼠源单克隆
GAPDH mAb (2B5) , HRP 细胞总蛋白 36 kD Abbkine A01025 小鼠源单克隆,HRP偶联
Beta-Tubuline mAb (3G6) 细胞总蛋白 55 kD Abbkine A01030 小鼠源单克隆
Plant Actin mAb (3T3) 植物细胞总蛋白 42 kD Abbkine A01050 小鼠源单克隆
PCNA mAb (1D7) 细胞核蛋白 28 kD Abbkine A01040 小鼠源单克隆
COX IV mAb (14Y2) 细胞线粒体总蛋白 16 kD Abbkine A01060 小鼠源单克隆
Histone H3 mAb (2D10) 细胞核蛋白 18 kD Abbkine A01070 小鼠源单克隆
标签抗体（Tag Antibody）可用于检测各种商品化表达载体上的标签序列（如：Myc、Flag、His、GST、HA等），籍以分析目的蛋白的表达含量及其功能；
标签抗体：
Anti-Biotin Antibodies
Anti-Dye Antibodies
Anti-FITC Antibodies
Anti-Fluorescent Protein Antibodies
Anti-HRP Antibodies
Beta Galatosidase Antibodies
FLAG Tag Antibodies
GST Tag Antibodies
HA Tag Antibodies
His Tag Antibodies
Myc Tag Antibodies
TAP Tag Antibodies
V5 Tag Antibodies
