- Overview
- Data/Specifications
- Literature/Support
- How It Works
Overview
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a heavily glycosylated protein with a molecular weight of about 30,000 - 34,000 Daltons. Human EPO is a polypeptide consisting of 165 amino acids, containing one O-linked and three N-linked carbohydrate chains. The recombinant EPO is a good substitute for the native protein for use in an immunoassay. Serum EPO levels are dependent on the rate of production and the rate of clearance of the protein. Ninety percent of EPO is produced in the peritubular cells of the adult kidney in response to a decrease in tissue oxygenation. There is evidence indicating that the protein on these cells which detects oxygen saturation of the blood is a heme-containing moiety. As the pO2 of the plasma, a function of the hematocrit decreases, EPO concentration will increase. There are also observations suggesting that normally there is an inverse correlation between serum EPO levels and red blood cell mass.
Quantitation of serum erythropoietin concentration serves as a diagnostic adjunct in determining the cause of anemia or erythrocytosis. Aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia and anemia due to iron deficiency all result in serum EPO elevation. Whereas, EPO levels in patients with secondary anemia due to renal failure and other disorders such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are generally inappropriately low for the degree of anemia. This is mostly likely caused by an impaired ability of the diseased kidney to produce adequate quantities of EPO8. Low concentrations of EPO may give an early warning of kidney transplant rejection. EPO also can be used to monitor AIDS patients undergoing Zidovudine (AZT) therapy. An increased concentration of EPO verifies that anemia associated with AZT therapy is due to red cell hypoplasia or apliasia.
Polycythemia rubra vera, or primary erythrocytosis (an increase of red blood cell mass) results from unstimulated over production of erythrocytes. Hence, the increase in the hemoglobin causes decreased production of EPO, which results in subnormal levels of serum EPO. Secondary polycythemias, which are also characterized by an increase in the total red blood cell mass, occur as a physiological response to elevated levels of circulatory EPO caused by tissue hypoxia. The hypoxia may be due to such factors as pulmonary fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, prolonged exposure to high altitude, abnormal forms of hemoglobin or drug treatment. Some tumors produce EPO and, in these cases, EPO may be used as a tumor marker to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Data/Specifications
Species: human
Sample Type: serum
Sample Size:200 uL
Standard Curve Range: 7.5 - 500 mU/mL
Sensitivity: 1.2 mU/mL
Assay Length: 2.5 hrs
Literature/Support
Product Insert:
EPO ELISA Insert (PDF)
Articles/Troublshooting:
ELISA Troubleshooting Guide
ELISA Data Reduction Guide
References/Citations:
Zhuang, X., Zhao, D., Yang, P., Jia, Y., Liang, R., Zhao, Q., ... & Li, J. (2018). 99mTc‐labeled rHuEpo for imaging of the erythropoietin receptor in tumors.Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals,61(2), 77-83.
| References/Citations: | How the Erythropoietin (EPO) ELISA Kit was used: |
| AAV9-mediated erythropoietin gene delivery into the brain protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson"s disease. Xue YQ, et al. Gene Therapy. 2010; 17:83-94. | Measure the concentration of EPO in cell lysates prepared from striatal tissue of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats.Cell lysates were prepared using a sonicator and a protein extraction reagent. |
| Failure of erythropoietin to render jeopardized ischemic myocardium amenable to incremental salvage by early reperfusion. French CJ, et al. Coron Artery Dis. 2009 Jun; 20(4):295-9. | Measure the concentration of plasma EPO in C57BL/6 male mice (10 weeks of age).Plasma was prepared from whole blood collected with sodium citrate used as a anti-coagulant and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 16000 g. |
| Erythropoietin to augment myocardial salvage induced by coronary thrombolysis in patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Binbrek AS, et al. Am J. Cardiol. 2009 Oct; 104(8):1035-40. | Measure the concentration of EPO in plasma obtained from male patients (humans). |
| Analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin and darbepoietin in spiked plasma. Singh AK, et al. Proteomics: Clinical Appl. 2007 Jun; 1(7):626-639 | Measure the concentration of EPO in plasma obtained from horses.Plasma was prepared from heparinized blood samples. |
How It Works
The EPO Immunoassay is a two-site ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for the measurement of the biologically active 165 amino acid chain of EPO. It utilizes two different mouse monoclonal antibodies to human EPO specific for well-defined regions on the EPO molecule. One mouse monoclonal antibody to human EPO, is biotinylated and the other mouse monoclonal antibody to human EPO is labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for detection.
In this assay, calibrators, controls, or patient samples are simultaneously incubated with the enzyme labeled antibody and a biotin coupled antibody in a streptavidin-coated microplate well. At the end of the assay incubation, the microwell is washed to remove unbound components and the enzyme bound to the solid phase is incubated with the substrate, tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). An acidic stopping solution is then added to stop the reaction and converts the color to yellow. The intensity of the yellow color is directly proportional to the concentration of EPO in the sample. A dose response curve of absorbance unit vs. concentration is generated using results obtained from the calibrators. Concentrations of EPO present in the controls and patient samples are determined directly from this curve. The standards have been calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) erythropoietin international standard that consists of recombinant DNA derived EPO. The WHO reference standard used was erythropoietin 1st international standard (87/684).
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有战友对比过罗氏X-tremeGENEDNATransfectionReagent和lipofectamine3000的优劣吗？求解答
—DNA转染试剂Polyjet-适用于普遍的哺乳动物细胞
LipoD293-适用于悬浮细胞的转染（包括昆虫细胞SF9）-对于普遍的哺乳动物细胞具有更优异的转染效率
—DNAandsiRNA转染试剂
Lipojet-适用于大多数哺乳动物细胞的转染-低毒性（无需换液）-用量少-DNA/RNA共转染（co-transfection）-效果优于Lipofectamine2000
—siRNA转染试剂
GenMute-适用于大多数哺乳动物细胞转染-低毒性（无需换液）-用量少-DNA/siRNA共转染（co-transfection）PepMute-适用于普遍的哺乳动物细胞的转染
而且直接使用自制的PEI非常便宜，在293上远比商品化的脂质体要好。
另外，如果你们实验室确实钱多，不怕花钱，建议你取用Promega的FugenHD,那个转染效率比脂质体更好，而且毒性小，至于价格。。。。。。。。。。。也更高。。。。。。。。。
另外，你说漂浮的细胞有表到GFP，那个不一定是真的GFP，很多时候
内毒素是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁(cellwall)上的特有成分，主要是脂多糖中的类脂A，在细菌被裂解时被释放出来，由于其化学结构和特性，在质粒的纯化过程中很容易混入质粒DNA一同提取出来。内毒素的存在会严重的影响质粒转染细胞的效率，此外会激活造血细胞（如B细胞、巨噬细胞等）的非特异免疫反应，造成实验的假阳性，所以转染级质粒的提取纯化必须去除内毒素。
近期，上海公卫临床研究中心的一位研究生应用两种转染试剂Turbofecttransfectionreagent（Thermo）和EntransterTM-R4000（Engreen）进行了一次RNA转染比较。比较情况如下：
实验方法
转染试剂：Turbofecttransfectionreagent（Thermo）和EntransterTM-R4000（EngreenBiosystemCo,Ltd）
待处理细胞：humanCD8+T细胞
1.针对Turbofect转染的方法
每孔培养体积均为100μL，细胞数目在105左右。
取0.5μLagomir，加入9.5μL无血清RPMI1640，充分混匀；
取0.2μLTurbofecttransfectionreagent和agomir稀释液充分混合。
转染复合物制备完成；混匀后室温下孵育15-20分钟，直接取10μL加入已铺好细胞的孔中，继续培养24h收取细胞，用PBS洗涤3次以上，以备RNA抽提。
转染Mix的配制：100nMago/N.C.：（0.5μLagomir+0.2μLTurbofect+9.3μL无血清的RPMI1640）×2.5=1.25+0.5+23.25
2.EntransterTM-R4000转染
每孔培养体积均为100μL，细胞数目在105左右。
取0.5μLagomir，加入9.5μL无血清RPMI1640，充分混匀，制成10μLagomir稀释液；
取0.25μLEntransterTM-R4000，然后加入9.75μL无血清稀释液体，充分混匀，制成10μLEntransterTM-R4000稀释液；
将EntransterTM-R4000稀释液和agomir稀释液充分混合（可用振荡器或加样器吹吸10次以上），室温静置15分钟。
转染复合物制备完成；
将20μL转染复合物加入孔中的细胞悬液中，前后移动培养皿，混合均匀；
转染后6h观察细胞状态，并更换培养基，继续培养24h后收取细胞，用PBS洗涤3次以上，以备RNA抽提。
转染Mix的配制：100nMago/N.C.：（0.5μLagomir+9.5μL无血清的RPMI1640）×2.5=1.25+23.75；Etranster稀释液：（0.25μLEtranster+9.75μL无血清的RPMI1640）×5=1.25+48.75（室温静置5分钟），取20μL至ago和N.C.管中，室温静置15分钟。
实验结果
结论：从目的miRNA表达水平的检测结果来看，转染24h后，英格恩生物公司（EngreenBiosystem）的EntransterTM-R4000(ago/NC:422912倍)转染试剂的效果优于Turbofect转染试剂(ago/NC:285870倍)。
讨论：从实验结果来看，英格恩生物公司（EngreenBiosystem）的EntranstenTM-R4000(ago/NC:422912倍)转染试剂的效果优于Turbofect转染试剂(ago/NC:285870倍)。EntransterTM-R4000是英格恩生物（EngreenBiosystem）最新研发合成的针对siRNA、microRNA、mimic、inhibitor、mRNA和shRNA等RNA的转染试剂。EntransterTM-R4000不仅可以转染小RNA，而且针对mRNA等长链RNA优化。该试剂可将RNA导入多种细胞系，包括原代细胞和悬浮细胞。无论有无血清、抗生素存在均可获得很高的转染效率。
