- Overview
- Data/Specifications
- Literature/Support
- How It Works
- Related Products
Overview
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) or corticotropin is a 39-amino acid peptide hormone (MW=4500) secreted by the pituitary to regulate the production of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary is controlled by both a classical negative feedback control mechanism and CNS-stress mediated control system. Various types of stress or pain perceived in higher levels of the brain modulate secretion of the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a 41-amino acid peptide. CRH stimulates pituitary ACTH secretion. The second peptide that modulates ACTH secretion is vasopressin (AVP). AVP secretion is also stimulated by stress and acts synergistically with CRH to increase ACTH secretion in the pituitary portal circulation. ACTH increases the synthesis and release of all adrenal sterioids, aldosterone, cortisol and adrenal androgens. It is the principal modulator of cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid in man. As the cortisol level in blood increases, release of ACTH is inhibited directly at the pituitary level. Through this same mechanism, decreasing cortisol levels lead to elevated ACTH levels.
Biologically active ACTH results from enzymatic cleavage of a large precursor molecule, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). This molecule contains within its structure the amino acid sequences of ACTH, Pro-ACTH, -melanocyte stimulating hormone, lipotropin, as well as endorphin and the enkephalins. Because the reaction in immunoassays is determined by antigenic structure, not biological function, the usual ACTH RIA reacts with POMC, Pro-ACTH, ACTH and some fragments of the ACTH.
Data/Specifications
Species: human, mouse, rat
Sample Type:plasma
Sample Size:200 uL
Standard Curve Range: 0 - 500 pg/mL
Sensitivity: 0.46 pg/mL
Assay Length:4.5 hours
ACTH may also be referred to by the following terms:
ACTH ELISA kit, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ELISA kit, Adrenocorticotropin ELISA kit, Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone ELISA kit, Alpha-MSH ELISA kit, Beta-Endorphin ELISA kit, Beta-LPH ELISA kit, Beta-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone ELISA kit, Beta-MSH ELISA kit, CLIP ELISA kit, Corticotropin-like Intermediary Peptide ELISA kit, Corticotropin-Lipotropin ELISA kit, Corticotropin-Lipotropin ELISA kit, Gamma-LPH ELISA kit, Gamma-MSH ELISA kit, Lipotropin Beta ELISA kit, Lipotropin Gamma ELISA kit, LPH ELISA kit, Melanotropin Alpha ELISA kit, Melanotropin Beta ELISA kit, Melanotropin Gamma ELISA kit, Met-Enkephalin ELISA kit, MSH ELISA kit, NPP ELISA kit, POC ELISA kit, Pro-ACTH-endorphin ELISA kit, Pro-OpioMelanocortin ELISA kit, ProopioMelanocortin ELISA kit, ProopioMelanocortin PreProProtein ELISA kit
Literature/Support
Product Insert:
ACTH ELISA Insert (PDF)
Articles/FAQ:
Stress and Autoimmune Disease: the role of ACTH (blog post)
ELISA Data Reduction Guide
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| References/Citations: | How the ACTH ELISA was used: |
| The hypothermic response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide critically depends on brain CB1, but not CB2 or TRPV1, receptors Alexandre, A.S. et al., (2011) J Physiol. 589:2415 | Measure the concentration of ACTH in plasma obtained from control rats (saline) and LPS-induced hyperthermia rats. |
| Thymocyte-Synthesized Glucocorticoids Play a Role in Thymocyte Homeostasis and Are Down-Regulated by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Shengjun Qiao et al.,Endocrinology, Sep 2009; 150: 4163 - 4169. | Measure the concentration of ACTH in sera obtained from C57BL/6 wild-type mice and genetically modified mice. |
| Plasma Osteopontin Modulates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Thymus Atrophy by Regulating Stress Hormones: Inhibition by an Anti-Osteopontin Monoclonal Antibody Kathryn X. Wang et al.,J. Immunol., Feb 2009; 182: 2485 - 2491. | Measure the level of ACTH in plasma obtained from wild-type and knock-out BALB/c mice under chronic restraint stress conditions. |
| Complex Role of the Mitochondrial Targeting Signal in the Function of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Revealed by Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Transgenesis in Vivo Goro Sasaki et al.,Mol. Endocrinol., Apr 2008; 22: 951 - 964. | Measure plasma ACTH levels of 8-wk old mice of different genotypes.Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and ACTH was measured in pg/ml units. |
Inhibition of brain proinflammatory cytokine synthesis reduces hypothalamic excitation in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure Yu-Ming Kang et al.,Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, Jul 2008; 295: H227 - H236. | Measure plasma ACTH levels in Sprague-Dawley rats.Rats were subject to vehicle treatment in heart failure vs SHAM models.Blood was collected in chilled EDTA tubes, separated and stored at -80C. |
| Electroacupuncture activates corticotrophin-releasing hormone-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalammus to alleviate edema in a rat model of inflammation Aihui Li, et al. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008; 8:20 | Measure plasma ACTH levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Plasma was prepared from blood centrifuged at (1310 g) for 15 minutes at 4 C, collected and stored at -80 C.Rats underwent various experimental treatments including electroacupuncture and inflammation. |
| Lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle region exaggerate neuroendocrine and thermogenic but not behavioral responses to a novel environment Douglas G. Whyte and Alan Kim JohnsonAm J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, Jan 2007; 292: R137 - R142. | Measure plasma ACTH levels of male Sprague Dawley rats.Blood was collected in EDTA collection tubes, centrifuged at 1,000 g for 15 minutes at 4C, collected and stored at -80C.Rats were studied in SHAM and anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) ablation models. |
| Neuroendocrine profiling in inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension rat strain with stress-sensitive arterial hypertension A L Markel et al.,J. Endocrinol., Dec 2007; 195: 439 - 450. | Measure plasma ACTH levels in rats.Blood was collected in ice-cold EDTA-coated tubes, centrifuge and collected for storage at -70C.Rats investigated were ISIAH and WAG strains under stress conditions. |
| The Effects of SOM230 on Cell Proliferation and Adrenocorticotropin Secretion in Human Corticotroph Pituitary Adenomas Dalia L. Batista et al.,J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., Nov 2006; 91: 4482 - 4488. | Measure ACTH levels in media from the primary cell culture of human corticotroph adenomas obtained from Cushing"s disease patients that underwent transsphenoidal surgery (tumor samples). |
How It Works
The ACTH Immunoassay is a two-site ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for the measurement of the biologically active 39 amino acid chain of ACTH. A goat polyclonal antibody to human ACTH, purified by affinity chromatography, and a mouse monoclonal antibody to human ACTH are specific for well defined regions on the ACTH molecule. One antibody is prepared to bind only the C-terminal ACTH 34-39 and this antibody is biotinylated. The other antibody is prepared to bind only the mid-region and N-terminal ACTH 1-24 and this antibody is labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for detection.
In this assay, calibrators, controls, or patient samples are simultaneously incubated with the enzyme labeled antibody and a biotin coupled antibody in a streptavidin-coated microplate well. At the end of the assay incubation, the microwell is washed to remove unbound components and the enzyme bound to the solid phase is incubated with the substrate, tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). An acidic stopping solution is then added to stop the reaction and converts the color to yellow. The intensity of the yellow color is directly proportional to the concentration of ACTH in the sample. A dose response curve of absorbance unit vs. concentration is generated using results obtained from the calibrators. Concentrations of ACTH present in the controls and patient samples are determined directly from this curve.
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（2）不同点：①影响因素：变构调节是由细胞内变构效应剂浓度的改变而影响酶的活性；化学修饰调节是激素等信息分子通过酶的作用而引起共价修饰。②酶分子改变：变构效应剂通过非共价键与酶的调节亚基或调节部位可逆结合，引起酶分子构像改变，常表现为变构酶亚基的聚合或解聚；化学修饰调节是酶蛋白的某些基团在其他酶的催化下发生共价修饰而改变酶活性。③特点及生理意义：变构调节的动力学特征为S型曲线，在反馈调节中可防止产物堆积和能源的浪费；化学修饰调节耗能少，作用快，有放大效应，是经济有效的调节方式。
蛋白酶分布广泛,主要存在于人和动物消化道中，而消化道通过口与肛门与外界相通，属于外环境或外界环境
（溶菌酶、凝血酶原等）分布在内环境
（消化）酶分布在消化道
那糖酵解中依赖NAD的酶不是要在线粒体内反应？
2017年11月14日，糖生物实验室在NatureCommunications发表了题为“O-GlcNAcylationofSIRT1enhancesitsdeacetylaseactivityandpromotescytoprotectionunderstress”（《在应激条件下O-GlcNAc修饰促进SIRT1的脱乙酰化酶活性和细胞保护作用》）的最新研究成果（论文链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01654-6），发现了长寿基因SIRT1活性调控的新机制。
衰老是生命进程中一个不可逆的过程，延年益寿则是人类的一个普遍期望，也是衰老研究的终极目标。SIRT1是一种高度保守的NAD+依赖性的脱乙酰化酶，通过对底物蛋白的脱乙酰化抵抗各种压力应激和修复基因突变，发挥细胞保护作用；SIRT1参与了许多重要的生理和病理过程,如代谢调节、基因组稳定性、代谢应激、衰老等；在多种模式生物中，SIRT1均被证实能延长寿命，并能够通过抑制各种老年性疾病的发生发展发挥延长“健康寿命”的作用。因此，SIRT1是目前最受关注的长寿基因，SIRT1激活剂已成为医药领域研究与开发的前沿和热点。然而，机体对抗衰老时SIRT1激活的分子机制并不十分清楚。
O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰是一种细胞内普遍存在、动态可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰现象。O-GlcNAc可以通过影响蛋白稳定性、细胞定位和酶活性等调节蛋白质功能并在生理和病理过中发挥重要作用。该研究成果首次发现了SIRT1蛋白具有O-GlcNAc修饰，且修饰位点是549位的丝氨酸。SIRT1的O-GlcNAc修饰增加其与底物蛋白的亲和力并提高SIRT1的脱乙酰化酶活性。进一步研究表明，在应激（氧化应激、代谢应激和基因毒等）条件下，细胞内SIRT1的O-GlcNAc修饰显著增加，并促进其对p53、FOXO3等靶蛋白的脱乙酰化从而发挥细胞保护作用。众所周知，卡路里限制能降低衰老相关疾病的发生和延年益寿。本研究成果表明，卡路里限制能可能通过O-GlcNAc修饰激活SIRT1而起到细胞保护作用，从而揭示了节食延年益寿的一个新的分子机制。综上所述，该研究发现了SIRT1活性调控的新机制，首次证明了O-GlcNAc修饰是SIRT1抵抗应激的分子开关，表明O-GlcNAc修饰可能成为抗衰老和老年性疾病的新靶点，为抗老年性疾病药物和长寿药物的研究开辟了新途径，具有重要的理论意义和明确的应用前景。
该研究成果由糖生物学实验室独立完成，博士研究生韩翠芳、单慧和顾玉超副教授是该论文的共同第一作者，顾玉超副教授和于文功教授是共同通讯作者。该研究由NSFC-山东省海洋科学研究中心联合基金项目(No.U1606403)、青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目（No.2015ASKJ02）、国家自然科学基金面上项目(No.81272264)等资助。
于文功教授和顾玉超副教授长期从事糖生物学研究，发现了蛋白质的O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰促进肿瘤发生和转移并阐明了其分子机制（CancerRes.2010Aug1;70(15):6344-51；BiochimBiophysActa.2011Apr;1812(4):514-9.）。经过多年的积累，该团队已经建立了系统的O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰研究技术体系，目前正在进行O-GlcNAc修饰对肿瘤和糖尿病等重大疾病发生过程中关键蛋白的调控作用和机制研究，以期阐明相关疾病发生的机制并发现新的治疗靶点。
炎性体（inflammasome）是细胞内的一类多蛋白复合物，在炎性反应中发挥着至关重要的作用。炎性体包括半胱天冬酶-1（caspase1）、PYCARD和NALP，有时也包括半胱天冬酶-5（caspase5，也被称作半胱天冬酶-11或ICH-3）。它是在骨髓细胞（myeloidcell）中产生的，也是先天性免疫系统的一个组分。炎性体的确切组成依赖于启动炎性体组装的激活物，如双链RNA和石棉会引发不同的炎性体组成。炎性体促进炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18成熟。
在一项新的研究中，来自比利时法兰德斯生物技术中心/根特大学（VIB/UGent）的LieselotteVandeWalle博士、DanielJiménezFernández以及教授MoLamkanfi研究团队对半胱天冬酶-12（caspase12）的功能产生新的认识。基于此，他们打破了这个领域对半胱天冬酶-12的固执观念：半胱天冬酶-12是炎性体的负调节物。这些新的认识为研究人员挣脱现有的研究路线和鉴定它的真正生理学功能铺平道路。相关研究结果发表在2016年6月2日那期Nature期刊上，论文标题为“Doescaspase-12suppressinflammasomeactivation?”。
研究人员也指出这将需要进行大量的“重新研究（re-researching）”。之前所谓的半胱天冬酶-12在细胞死亡、应激反应、疟疾和败血症等中的作用---引用了9000多次---必需复核，这是因为这些作用经常是基于不正确的小鼠模型得出的。
VIB/UGent教授MoLamkanfi说，“我们发现在很多情形下，对半胱天冬酶-12的研究是基于对半胱天冬酶-11（caspase11）和半胱天冬酶-12都进行基因敲除的小鼠模型开展的。因此从研究结果中推断半胱天冬酶-12的作用是不可能的。我们如今引入新的选择性半胱天冬酶-12基因敲除小鼠，这应当能够让我们追踪半胱天冬酶-12的确切功能。”
利用这些新的小鼠，Lamkanfi团队证实在体外模拟的BMDM（bonemarrow-derivedmacrophage,骨髓衍生性巨噬细胞）和体内接种的小鼠中，半胱天冬酶-12缺乏都不能增加半胱天冬酶-1激活。剔除半胱天冬酶-12也不会增强炎性体途径释放出成熟的IL-1β和IL-18。他们的发现表明不论半胱天冬酶-11的表达状态如何，半胱天冬酶-12都不会作为半胱天冬酶-1激活的生理学上负显性调节物，因而也不会作为炎性体的生理学上负显性调节物。
胰蛋白酶Trypsin (Parenzyme) 为蛋白酶的一种，EC 3.4.4.4，是从牛、羊、猪的胰脏提取的一种丝氨酸蛋白水解酶。在脊椎动物中，作为消化酶而起作用。在胰脏是作为酶的前体胰蛋白酶原而被合成的。作为胰液的成分而分泌，受肠激酶，或胰蛋白酶的限制分解成为活化胰蛋白酶，是肽链内切酶，它能把多肽链中赖氨酸和精氨酸残基中的羧基侧切断。它不仅起消化酶的作用，而且还能限制分解糜蛋白酶原、羧肽酶原、磷脂酶原等其它酶的前体，起活化作用。是特异性最强的蛋白酶，在决定蛋白质的氨基酸排列中，它成为不可缺少的工具。
