Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant and primary carrier of the required energy for various functions in cells. Prolonged ischemia, reperfusion, anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation can lead to a dramatic decrease of ATP, cell swelling, cell rupture, and finally cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Due to drastic hydrolysis of ATP in vivo by ectoenzymes and poor cellular penetration, the direct delivery of ATP to the ischemic tissues is difficult.
To increase delivery of ATP to the tissues and protect from enzymatic degradation, encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed and demonstrated in various models of ischemia [1,2]. Studies on myocardial [1,3,4], liver [5-8], retina [9] and wound healing [10-12] ischemia have shown the ability of liposomal encapsulated ATP to prevent cell death and tissue dysfunction following ischemic events.
The encapsulation of ATP in liposomes markedly promotes its effectiveness by preventing the hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes, increasing ATP circulation time and enhancing its intracellular penetration. Depending on the type of the cell line and the target organ various types of liposomes with different surface charges such as anionic, cationic and neutral has been studied by various groups. Moreover, ATP encapsulated liposomes has been demonstrated to improve energy state and function of the cold-stored liver [6,7,13].
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一、免疫组化试剂盒一般包括：
1、特异性的一抗
2、免疫组化检测系统。
3、有的同时还具备显色系统。
二、不同的公司内容有差别，所以购买时一定了解清楚：
1、一抗是做人的还是兔、鼠的组织；
2、检测系统是ABC/SP/非生物素/其他；
3、试剂盒的内容都有什么？有没有显色系统？
4、如果没有，自己根据前面的检测系统需配哪个显色系统。（其他的辅助试剂如PBS缓冲液、抗原修复液等一般另卖或自配）
三、免疫组化抗体即指特异性一抗，是用来标记的指标，免疫组化过程的其他试剂一律另外配备。
另外：做实验时，如遇出结果困难，记得做阳性片对照，敢于怀疑检测系统或显色系统的问题。
