| (±)-Lisofyllineanti-inflammatory agent |
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Nature.2017 Jan 19;541(7637):417-420.
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- Purity = 98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
Chemical structure
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| Cas No. | 6493-06-7 | SDF | Download SDF |
| Synonyms | BL 194,CT-1501R,LSF | ||
| Chemical Name | 3,7-dihydro-1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC(O)CCCCn1c(=O)c2n(C)cnc2n(C)c1=O | ||
| Formula | C13H20N4O3 | M.Wt | 280.3 |
| Solubility | ≤2mg/ml in ethanol;10mg/ml in DMSO;10mg/ml in dimethyl formamide | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| Physical Appearance | A crystalline solid | Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution : ship with blue ice.All other available size:ship with RT , or blue ice upon request |
| General tips | For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. | ||
(±)-Lisofylline is an anti-inflammatory agent.
Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a agent or treatment reducing inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids.
In vitro: (±)-Lisofylline is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in which only the (-) optical isomer is biologically active. (±)-Lisofylline was found to inhibit the generation of phosphatidic acid from cytokine-activated lysophosphatidic acyl transferase. (±)-Lisofylline could also suppress the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, inhibit IL-12-mediated STAT-4 activation, as well as enhance glucose-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion [1].
In vivo: In a previous study, lisofylline was administered to female non-obese diabetic mice for 3 weeks. Cytokines and blood glucose concentrations were monitored. Histology and immunohistochemistry were also carried out in pancreatic sections. Results showed that lisofylline was able to suppress IFN-γ production, reduce the onset of insulitis and diabetes, and inhibit diabetes [1].
Clinical trial: A clinical trial has been conducted to determine whether the administration of lisofylline would decrease mortality in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, this trial was stopped for futility at the first scheduled interim analysis. It was found that there was no significant difference between groups in the number of patients who had died at 28 days and there was no significant difference between the lisofylline and placebo groups in terms of ventilator-free days, infection-related deaths, resolution of organ failures, or development of serious infection [2].
References:[1] Yang, Z.D.,Chen, M.,Wu, R., et al. The anti-inflammatory compound lisofylline prevents type I diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 45, 1307-1314 (2002).[2] No authors listed. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lisofylline for early treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2002 Jan;30(1):1-6.
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1.抗原性是指抗原与其所诱导产生的抗体或致敏淋巴细胞特异性结合的能力。抗原性的强弱与抗原分子的大小、化学成分、抗原决定簇的结构、抗原与被免疫动物亲缘关系的远近等有密切关系。通常认为抗原的分子量愈大、化学组成愈复杂、立体结构愈完整以及与被免疫动物的亲缘关系愈远，则抗原性愈强。
2.免疫原性是指能够刺激机体形成特异抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的能力。即指抗原能刺激特定的免疫细胞，使免疫细胞活化、增殖、分化，最终产生免疫效应物质抗体和致敏淋巴细胞的特性。也指抗原刺激机体后，机体免疫系统能形成抗体或致敏T淋巴细胞的特异性免疫反应。
抗体(antibody)
抗原修复是公认的免疫组化比较关键的一个步骤，因为我们多使用福尔马林或多聚甲醛溶液来固定组织。甲醛与蛋白质发生交联反应，覆盖抗原决定簇，极大的影响了我们的实验结果，甚至时出现假阴性的现象。抗原修复过程是由少数主要影响因素和许多非主要因素共同影响的复杂过程（这是我总结的最复杂的语句哈哈！）。如何抽丝剥茧抓住主旨呢？这需要我们对抗原修复有一个整体的认识，以不变应万变。下面通过几个小问题，带领大家去认识抗原修复:
Question1：为什么免疫组化要做抗原修复？
答：这位观众的问题很不错！简单直达要害。
我们为了得到更好的实验结果，在免疫组化过程中会对样品材料进行固定，一般常用的就是福尔马林或者多聚甲醛溶液。科学研究已经证明甲醛的醛基与蛋白质发生交联反应，不同程度的遮蔽了抗原表面的抗原决定簇，影响其与抗体结合。其发生交联反应形成的究竟是什么还没有定论，有人说形成的是醛基，有人说形成的是羧甲基。但不管是什么，都会使抗原表面的决定簇减少，影响实验结果，甚至产生假阳性。当然如果您使用的是一些其他的固定液（非醛类）就不用抗原修复了。
Question2：怎样才能获得理想的抗原修复结果呢？
答：我个人认为是主要有两方面：一是抗原修复方法的选择和修复液的搭配；二是操作人的手法和对实验的理解程度。
总的来说，是个搭配并且需要摸索的过程。需要把握的是抗原修复的实质是选对方法，然后用高压或者微波加热的手段打开甲醛与蛋白质的交联，也就是打开化学键的过程，你只要选对方法，通过温度和时间的改变来控制强度，试验并没有想像的那么难。
Question3：所有经甲醛或者多聚甲醛固定的组织都需要进行抗原修复吗？
答：绝大部分用甲醛固定的组织都需要进行抗原修复，但是也有例外。拿个中文文献举个例子《不同抗原修复法对免疫组化HBcAb染色结果》。它的结果恰恰是不修复的切片染色效果最好。推测的原因是HBcAg是乙肝病毒的壳结构蛋白，并非肝组织本身的，因而甲醛并不一定封闭它。相反的是如果你进行高压热修复，反而会让未被封闭的蛋白变性，那实验结果可想而知。（好像就没听说过学术界有保准的事，哈哈！）
Question4：抗原修复的方法有几种？如何来选择呢？
答：抗原修复的方法主要分为三大类：
①高压热修复
②微波热修复
③酶消化法
我们针对不同的抗原，采取不同的修复方法，取得较理想的染色效果。常用的免疫组化抗原修复主要有微波加热修复法、高温高压修复法和酶消化修复法等方法，抗原修复液主要是枸橼酸盐缓冲液（pH=6.0）和EDTA缓冲液（pH=8.0或pH=9.0）。抗原修复的方法选择，我们首先看抗原的定位，是位于细胞膜、细胞质还是细胞核。这三个位置的抗原修复难易程度排序：细胞质抗原>细胞膜抗原>细胞和抗原。
4个FAQ帮你全面了解免疫组化的抗原修复.docx(18.03k)
