Description | AKT protein family, which members are also called protein kinases B (PKB) plays an important role in mammalian cellular signaling. In humans, there are three genes in the "Akt family": Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. These genes code for enzymes that are members of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family. Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes. Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and general tissue growth. Since it can block apoptosis, and thereby promote cell survival, Akt1 has been implicated as a major factor in many types of cancer. Akt (now also called Akt1) was originally identified as the oncogene in the transforming retrovirus, AKT8. AKT8 was isolated by Stephen Staal in the laboratory of Wallace P. Rowe; he subsequently cloned v-akt and human AKT1 and AKT2 while on staff at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center.Akt2 is an important signaling molecule in the Insulin signaling pathway, it is required to induce glucose transport. Franke et al. (1995) show that AKT1 and AKT2 are activated by PDGF. The activation was rapid and specific, and it was abrogated by mutations in the Akt Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. They identify that Akt is a novel target of PI 3-kinase and suggest that the Akt PH domain may be a mediator of PI 3-kinase signaling. |
Catalog Number | IW-PA1301 |
Quantity | 9 ml |
Host | Rabbit |
Clone | Polyclonal |
Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
Immunogen | A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the N-terminal of human AKT1/2, identical to the related rat and mouse sequence. |
Purity | Immunogen affinity purified. |
Conjugate | Unconjugated |
Species Reactivity | Human, mouse, rat. Not tested in other species. |
Positive Control | Human mammary cancer |
Cellular Localization | Cytoplasmic |
Form | Ready to use solution in PBS with stabilizer and 0.01% sodium azide. No further dilution needed. Serum blocking step should be omitted. |
Storage | Store at 2-8 °C. Do not freeze. |
Applications | IHC-P: Heat induced epitope retrieval (HIER) is required on formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections. IHC-Fr: Not tested. ICC: Not tested. |
Limitations | This product is intended for Research Use Only. Interpretation of the test results is solely the responsibility of the user. |
Precautions | Users should follow general laboratory precautions when handling this product. Wear personal protective equipment to avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
References | 1. Staal SP, Hartley JW, Rowe WP (July 1977). "Isolation of transforming murine leukemia viruses from mice with a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 (7): 3065–7. 2. Staal SP (July 1987). "Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (14): 5034–7. 3. Franke, T. F.; Yang, S.-I.; Chan, T. O.; Datta, K.; Kaziauskas, A.; Morrison, D. K.; Kaplan, D. R.; Tsichlis, P. N. : The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81: 727-736, 1995 |
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二抗:二抗是在其它宿主体内制备的能与一抗或一抗片段结合的抗体,上面通常连有酶或荧光素等标签。由于二抗所具备的优点使得其在免疫学实验中得以应用广泛,如western blot(通过与特异性抗体结合来鉴定蛋白质),ELISA(以耦联有酶的抗体或抗原为标记来检测特异性的蛋白质,尤其是相应的抗原或抗体),免疫组织化学(检测组织中的特异性抗原),免疫细胞化学(通过免疫学方法检测细胞的抗原组成),流式细胞术(通过检测激光所激发荧光来鉴定分离不同类型的细胞)及免疫沉淀(通过抗原与抗体的特异性结合作用来分离相应抗原)。二抗针对某一特定物种(如小鼠)的所有抗体均具有特异性,因而使用标记的二抗可以免去对每一个一抗进行标记,大大节省了时间和费用;此外,一个一抗分子可以同时结合几个二抗分子,从而使信号大大增强,提高了实验灵敏度。
二抗可以耦联有几种不同的标记,可以是酶,荧光素,或生物素。
抗体特异性 产品。
与同种型相对应的是同种异型和独特型。
【T。SDM】
免疫荧光(IF)
IHC-P=Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
IHC-F=Immunohistochemistry (Frozen)
p代表石蜡切片
f代表冰冻切片
抗体是人免疫功能自身产生的。当人体感染某种病毒的时候,人体免疫功能自动针对该病毒产生抵制其生存的病毒抗体或抑制病毒的生长 复制 并最终将该病毒杀死。
抗体(Antibody),又称免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,简称 Ig),是一种由B细胞分泌,被免疫系统用来鉴别与中和外来物质如细菌、病毒等的大型Y形蛋白质,仅被发现存在于脊椎动物的血液等体液中,及其B细胞的细胞膜表面。
抗体是具有4条多肽链的对称结构,其中2条较长、相对分子量较大的相同的重链(H链);2条较短、相对分子量较小的相同的轻链(L链)。链间由二硫键和非共价键联结形成一个由4条多肽链构成的单体分子。轻链有κ和λ两种,重链有μ、δ、γ、ε和α五种。 整个抗体分子可分为恒定区和可变区两部分。在给定的物种中,不同抗体分子的恒定区都具有相同的或几乎相同的氨基酸序列。可变区位于"Y"的两臂末端。在可变区内有一小部分氨基酸残基变化特别强烈,这些氨基酸的残基组成和排列顺序更易发生变异区域称高变区。高变区位于分子表面,最多由17个氨基酸残基构成,少则只有2 —— 3个。高变区氨基酸序列决定了该抗体结合抗原抗原的特异性。一个抗体分子上的两个抗原结合部位是相同的,位于两臂末端称抗原结合片段(antigen-binding fragment, Fab)。"Y"的柄部称结晶片段(crystalline fragment,FC),糖结合在FC 上。
二是使病菌产生抗药性:当不该使用抗生素的时候使用抗生素,可以使一些病菌逐渐产生对抗生素的抵抗力,即抗药性,一旦确定必须使用抗生素时,就不得不加大剂量才能有效,甚至加大剂量也无效。
三是毒性反应:如链霉菌对前庭与耳蜗神经的损害,可出现眩晕、平衡失调、耳鸣、听力减退、耳聋等;氯霉菌对骨髓的毒性,抑制骨髓造血机能,可致白细胞及血小板减少,严重可引起再生障碍性贫血;四环素、红霉素酯化剂、二性梅素B、灰黄酶素等都能损害肝脏,造成肝功能不全或原有肝损加重;庆大酶素、卡那酶素、新酶素、巴龙酶素、先锋酶素等对肾脏可有较大损害。
四是过敏反应:如常用的青酶素其发生率约为百分之一到百分之八,轻者有关节痛、淋巴结肿大、发热等,较重者发生血管神经性水肿、脑水肿或喉头水肿,最严重的为过敏性休克,如不及时抢救将会死亡。
抗生素的上述危害,除过敏反应外,其余均具有渐进性、累积性,病人自己很难察觉,因此易发生危险。因此,患者应在医生指导下使用抗生素,以免受到更大的伤害。
比如该厂家的WB抗体,如果是1mg/ml的抗体,一般做WB的时候要求抗体工作液的浓度是1ug/ml,也就是说1mg/ml的抗体是可以按照1:1000的比例进行稀释。当然,根据抗体亲和力不同,这个浓度也是可以变化的。所以abcam的WB抗体稀释浓度一般是1ug/ml