Lyophilized Powder This product is freeze dried. All water molecules have been removed.
Antigen Incl. This antibody is shipped with its antigen FREE of charge!
- Peptide (C)HVIDIDRGDEKKGKD, corresponding to amino acid residues 300-314 of rat AQP4 (Accession P47863). Intracellular, C-terminus.
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Expression of Aquaporin 4 in rat and mouse brainImmunohistochemical staining of Aquaporin 4 in rat and mouse brain free floating frozen sections using Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314)-ATTO-594 Antibody (#AQP-014-AR), (1:80). A. AQP4 staining (red) in rat hippocampal CA1 region appears in outlines of blood vessels (arrows). DAPI is used as the counterstain (blue) and stains the pyramidal layer (P). B. AQP4 staining (red) in mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus region appears also in outlines of blood vessels (arrows). DAPI is used as the counterstain (blue) and stains the granule layer (G).
Immuno-colocalization of GFAP and AQP4 in rat brainImmunohistochemical staining of immersion-fixed, free floating rat brain frozen sections using Anti-GFAP Antibody (#AFP-001), (1:2000) and Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314)-ATTO-594 Antibody (#AQP-014-AR), (1:100). A. In rat fornix, GFAP immunoreactivity (green) appears in astrocytic processes. B. In same section, AQP4 staining (red) is detected in blood vessels. C. Merge of panel A and panel B shows colocalization around a large blood vessel (arrows). Nuclei are stained using DAPI as the counterstain (blue).
- 1. King, L.S. et al. (2004) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 687.
- 2. Manley, G.T. et al. (2004) Neuroscience. 129, 983.
- 3. Lennon, V.A. et al. (2005) J. Exp. Med. 202, 473.
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Aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) belongs to a family of membrane proteins that allow passage of water and certain solutes through biological membranes. The family is composed of 13 members (AQP-0 to AQP-12).
The aquaporins can be divided into two functional groups based on their permeability characteristics: the aquaporins that are only permeated by water and the aquaglyceroporins that are permeated by water and other small solutes such as glycerol. AQP-4 together with AQP-1, AQP-2 and AQP-5 belong to the first group1. Little is known about the function of the two newest members, AQP-11 and AQP-12.
The proteins present a conserved structure of six transmembrane domains with intracellular N- and C-termini. The functional channel is a tetramer but each subunit has a separate pore and therefore the functional channel unit, contains four pores1.
AQP-4 is the major membrane water channel in the central nervous system. The channel is expressed in astrocyte foot processes in direct contact with capillary vessels in the brain suggesting a role in water transport under normal and pathological conditions. Indeed, transgenic mice lacking AQP-4 have reduced brain swelling and improved neurological outcome following water intoxication and focal cerebral ischemia. In contrast, brain swelling and clinical outcome are worse in AQP-4-null mice in models of vasogenic (fluid leak) edema caused by freeze-injury and brain tumor, probably due to impaired AQP-4-dependent brain water clearance2.
In addition, it has been recently shown that neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an inflammatory demyelinating disease that selectively affects optic nerves and spinal cord, is caused by the development of an autoantibody directed against AQP-43.
Immuno-colocalization of Aquaporin 4 and TrkB in rat cerebellum.Immunohistochemical staining of perfusion-fixed frozen rat cerebellum sections using Anti-TrkB (extracellular)-ATTO-488 Antibody (#ANT-019-AG), (1:80) and Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314)-ATTO-594 Antibody (#AQP-014-AR), (1:80). A. TrkB labeling (green) appears in Purkinje cells (arrows) forming the Purkinje layer (P). B. Aquaporin 4 staining (red) appears in outlines of the “baskets” formed around Purkinje cells (vertical arrows) and in some blood vessels (horizontal arrow). C. Merge of panels A and B demonstrates the localization of TrkB and Aquaporin 4 in adjacent cellular compartments of the cerebellum. Nuclei were demonstrated using DAPI as the counterstain (blue).
Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314) Antibody (#AQP-014) is a highly specific antibody directed against an epitope of rat AQP4. The antibody can be used in western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry applications. It has been designed to recognize the Aquaporin 4 channel from rat, mouse, and human samples.
Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314)-ATTO-594 Antibody (#AQP-014-AR) is directly labeled with an ATTO-594 fluorescent dye. ATTO dyes are characterized by strong absorption (high extinction coefficient), high fluorescence quantum yield, and high photo-stability. The ATTO-594 fluorescent label belongs to the class of Rhodamine dyes and can be used with fluorescent equipment typically optimized to detect Texas Red and Alexa-594. Anti-Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) (300-314)-ATTO-594 Antibody is especially suited for experiments requiring simultaneous labeling of different markers.
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【过敏性咳嗽血清学IGE检查】
以过敏患者血清作为实验材料的本外试验方法称为血清学试验。其它体液如炎症部位分泌物、渗出物、灌洗液也可采用相同的实验方法进行检测。主要检测项目有总IgE和特异性IgE，即过敏原特异性IgE。
【什么是总IgE？】
IgE即免疫球蛋白E，是I型变态反应病如过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘、异位性皮炎、湿疹、急慢性荨麻疹发病机制中起主要作用的免疫分子，因而在过敏反应的免疫学实验诊断中是首选的检测项目。总IgE是过敏性疾病的特异性检查项目，IgE水平增高提示I型变态反应病的可能性大，但不能用于判断过敏原。
【IgE的特点】
IgE是血清浓度最低的免疫球蛋白 ，只有血清中IgG浓度的万分之一。IgE对热不稳定，是半衰期最短一的免疫球蛋白 ，只有2.8天，与细胞表面结合的IgE半衰期稍长，8~14天，IgE由变应原入侵部位（鼻咽、支气管、胃肠道）的黏膜固有层中的浆细胞合成。在各类免疫球蛋白中，IgE是合成率最低、分解率最高的。属于亲细胞抗体，过敏体质者的胎儿脐带血中IgE浓度可能升高，检测脐血中IgE浓度可用于评估胎儿过敏体质的可能性。
【IgE检测方法】
通常用ELISA方法检测总IgE。由于血清IgE浓度很低，一般酶免疫试验方法的敏感性不足以检出血清IgE，现在常规实验室检测血清IgE的试剂盒采用生物素——抗生物素蛋白 放大的ELISA。试剂盒中所含用于制定标准曲线的IgE标准品和检测结果的IgE浓度单位与其它免疫球蛋白 不同，不是用mg/L表示，而是用u/ml或ku/l表示。
【IgE的正常值（参考范围）】：
血清IgE水平在正常人群中呈偏态分布，即多数人为0或接近于0，IgE水平越高的人数越少。因此计算平均值时应计算几何平均值才能反映其真实情况，即用对数转换后其分布才能近似正态分布。
健康人群血清IgE水平与年龄关系较大，小儿和老年人的IgE水平低于成年人。新生儿血清中IgE水平很低，接近于零。随年龄增长，IgE水平也不断升高，5~7岁后接近正常人水平。按Pharmacia公司提供的参考范围，1个月以内<12KU/L,1岁<11KU/L,2~4岁<33KU/L,5岁以上至成人<85KU/L.
过敏性疾病患者的血清IgE水平可达2000~8000KU/L,当IgE水平高于2000KU/L时应考虑寄生虫感染.
有时血清总IgE水平检测结果为0或参考范围内低值,并不能排除过敏性疾病的可能,须结合临床表现和血清特异性IgE检测结果进行判断.
【什么是特异性IgE检测(sIgE）？】
通常所称的过敏原检测，并非真正检测血液样本中的过敏原分子，而是间接地检测其中针对某种过敏原的特异性IgE分子，特异性IgE检测实际上是检测过敏原特异性IgE，即检测样本中针对某种变应原的特异性IgE，从而间接地判断患者是否对某种过敏原过敏。
环境中常见的过敏原包括以下类别：
寄生虫和微生物：各种螨类（屋尘螨和粉尘螨等）、各种真菌（点青霉、烟曲霉、分枝孢霉、交连孢霉等）、蟑螂。
植物花粉：各种草花粉（豚草、葎草、蒿草）、各种树花粉（桑树、柏树、悬铃木、桦树、榆树、柳树、杨树等）。
动物皮毛：猫、狗、马、鸽子等动物的毛和皮屑。
也就是说只要是兔子产生的抗体，羊抗兔（也叫抗抗体或者2抗）都可与之结合。
兔子产生的是一级抗体
羊的为二级抗体
在试验中，二抗经常被做了手脚，打上了标记，比如辣根过氧化物酶，经常被用在ELISA，WESTERN等经典的生物学试验中。
