Lyophilized Powder This product is freeze dried. All water molecules have been removed.
- Peptide CGQPKEGKNHSQG, corresponding to amino acid residues 146 - 158 of human adenosine A2A receptor (Accession P29274). Extracellular, 2nd loop.
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Cell surface detection of ADORA2A in live intact human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells:___ Cells.
___ Cells + rabbit IgG isotype control-FITC.
___ Cells + Anti-Human Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AAR-007-F), (2.5 µg).
Cell surface detection of ADORA2A in live intact human Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells:___ Cells.
___ Cells + rabbit IgG isotype control-FITC.
___ Cells + Anti-Human Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AAR-007-F), (2.5 µg).
- 1. Okusa, M.D. (2002) Am. J. Physiol. 282, F10.
- 2. Fredholm, B.B. et al. (2001) Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 527.
- 3. Nakata, H. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16545.
- 4. Cunha, R.A. (2001) Neurochem. Int. 38, 107.
- 5. Fredholm, B.B. et al. (2000) Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 362, 364.
- 6. Canals, M. et al. (2005) J. Neurochem. 92, 337.
- 7. Ohta, A. and Sitkovsky, M. (2001) Nature 414, 916.
- 8. Ohta, A. et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 13132.
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Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside generated locally in tissues under conditions of hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammation. It modulates a variety of physiological functions in many tissues including the brain and heart1,2. Adenosine exerts its actions via four specific adenosine receptors (also named P1 purinergic receptors): Adenosine A1 Receptor (A1AR), Adenosine A2A Receptor (A2AAR), Adenosine A2B Receptor (A2BAR), and Adenosine A3 Receptor (A3AR). All are integral membrane proteins and are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. They share a common structure of seven putative transmembrane domains, an extracellular -NH2 terminus, cytoplasmic -COOH terminus, and a third intracellular loop important for binding G proteins.1-3 The adenosine receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their differential selectivity for adenosine analogs1-3.
Adenosine receptors control neurotransmitter release through the facilitatory A2AAR and the inhibitory A1AR.4 A2AAR and A1AR are the major adenosine receptor subtypes expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). A2AAR is mainly expressed in the striatum on GABAergic striatopallidal neurons, while A1AR is widely distributed throughout the CNS5,6.
A2AAR was suggested to play a critical role in attenuation of systemic inflammatory responses and prevention of extensive tissue damage.7 It was suggested that extracellular adenosine that accumulates in inflamed and damaged tissue may activate the A2AAR expressed in immune cells leading to termination/inhibition of the immune response.7 It was further suggested that this same mechanism may protect tumors from antitumor T cells through an immunosuppressive signal generated by the activation of A2AAR on T cells by extracellular adenosine produced from hypoxic cancerous tissues8.
Anti-Human Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody (#AAR-007) is a highly specific antibody directed against an epitope of the human protein. The antibody can be used in western blot and live cell flow cytometry applications. It has been designed to recognize A2aR from human samples only. The antibody will not recognize the receptor from mouse or rat samples.
Anti-Human Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AAR-007-F) is directly conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The antibody can be used in immunofluorescent applications such as direct live cell flow cytometry.
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抗人球蛋白试验，又称Coombs’试验，是诊断自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)的重要依据。
正常人直接与间接试验均为阴性，Coombs’试验阴性有时并不能排除AIHA
本试验阳性结果主要见于下列几种情况：
1.自身免疫性贫血，（IgG）型引起的溶血性贫血，本试验直接反应常呈强阳性，间接反应大多阴性，但亦可阳性。
2.药物诱发的免疫性溶血性贫血①α-甲基多巴型：直接及间接反应均阳性。②青霉素型：直接反应阳性，间接反应阴性，以上二型如以正常红细胞先与有关药物于37℃培育后再加病人血清、间接反应均为阳性。③福阿亭型：（奎宁等药物）抗体通常为IgM，偶有IgG型者，直接反应为阳性，间接反应阴性，但如用IgG抗血清做试剂则结果大部分均为阴性，但如培育时加入新鲜正常人血清（供应补体）则结果为阳性。
3.冷凝集素综合征直接反应阳性，间接反应阴性（试验需在37℃下进行）由于本病红细胞膜附着的是补体C4和C3而不是IgG或IgM，如果用抗IgG或抗IgM抗血清做试验时，则结果阴性，如以抗补体的抗血清做试验则直接反应阳性。
4.新生儿同种免疫溶血病，因Rh血型不合所致溶血病，直接及间接反应均强阳性，持续数周、换血输血后数天内可变为阴性，由于“ABO”血型不合引起的溶血病，结果常为阴性或弱阳性。
5.红细胞血型不合引起的输血反应，ABO或Rh血型不合输血，供者的红细胞被受者的血型抗体致敏，在供者被致敏的红细胞完全破坏以前，直接反应阳性，Rh阴性者如过去不曾接受过Rh阳性者的血或曾妊娠胎儿为Rh阳性者，间接反应阳性，如无上述接触，第一次输血后（Rh阳性的血），数天之内间接反应也会变为阳性。
6.其它在传染性单核细胞增多症、SLE、恶性淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、癌肿、铅中毒、结节性动脉周围炎、EVan氏综合征等，病人直接反应亦可阳性，阵发性寒冷性血红蛋白尿症患者中，急性发作后用抗补体血清做试验直接反应常为阳性。展开
