Description
Clodrosome®isamultilamellarliposomesUSPensioninwhichClodronateisencapsulatedintheaqueouscompartmentsoftheliposomes.Encapsome®isformulatedandpreparedidenticallytoClodrosome®exceptthatclodronateisnotaddedtotheliposomes.Theliposomesarefilteredthrough2μmpolycarbonatemembranestoensurethatthelargerparticles,whichmaybetoxictoanimals,areremovedfromthesuspension.Botharepreparedandpackagedundersterileconditions.WhenanimalsorcellsaretreatedwithClodrosome®,phagocyticcellsrecognizetheliposomesasinvADIngforeignparticlesandproceedtoremovetheliposomesfromthelocaltissueorserumviaphagocytosis.Theliposomesthenreleaseclodronateintothecytosol,resultingincelldeath.Non-encapsulatedclodronatecannotcrossthecellmembranetoinitiatecelldeath.
Controlliposomes(Encapsome®)arerecognizedandphagocytosedbythesamemechanismasClodrosome®.Sincethecontrolliposomesdonotcontainclodronate,thephagocyticcellsarenotkilled.However,phagocytesdorespondtotheingestionofcontrolliposomesbycytokinesecretion,temporarysuspensionofphagocyticactivityandotherresponsesdescribedintheliterature.
Fluorescentliposomes(Fluoroliposome®)suitableformacrophagetargetingandtrackingareavailablecontainingfivedifferentfluorescentdyes(DiI,DiO,DiD,DiAandDiR)thatcoverstheentirespectrum.Fluorescentliposomescomeinstandardandmannosylatedform.Formoreinformationsee here.
m-Clodrosome®andm-Encapsome®aremannosylatedreagentsthatarespecificallyformulatedtoefficientlytargetmacrophagesincentralnervoussystemsandmacrophagesthatcontainmoremannosereceptors.Formoreinformationaboutthesereagentseehere.
TechnicalInformation
Encapsome®ControlLiposomeSuspension
| LipidComposition | Concentration(mg/ml) | Concentration(mM) | MolarRatioPercentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 23mg/ml | 35.1mM | 100 |
| L-alpha-Phosphatidylcholine | 18.8 | 24.3 | 70 |
| Cholesterol | 4.2 | 10.9 | 30 |
| BufferandLiposomeSize | Specification |
|---|---|
| Buffer | PhosphateBufferedSaline |
| pH | 7.4 |
| LiposomeSize | 1.5-2µm |
TechnicalNotes
- WhenanimalsorcellsaretreatedwithClodrosome®,phagocyticcellsrecognizetheliposomesasinvadingforeignparticlesandproceedtoremovetheliposomesfromthelocaltissueorserumviaphagocytosis.Theliposomesthenreleaseclodronateintothecytosolresultingincelldeath.Unencapsulatedclodronatecannotcrossthecellmembranetoinitiatecelldeath.
- Encapsome®controlliposomesarerecognizedandphagocytosedbythesamemechanismasClodrosome®.Sincethecontrolliposomesdonotcontainclodronate,thephagocyticcellsarenotkilled.However,phagocytesdorespondtotheingestionofthecontrolliposomesbycytokinesecretion,temporarysuspensionofphagocyticactivityandotherresponsesdescribedintheliterature.
- Theproductmustberemovedfromthevialusingsteriletechnique.Donotuseifsterilityiscompromised.Thisisparticularlyimportantifasinglevialisaccessedmultipletimesoverseveralweeks.Theproductshouldnotbeusedmorethan60daysafterreceipt,evenifunopened.
- Liposomesmaysettlewhenleftundisturbedformorethanafewhours.Immediatelypriortouse,inordertoensureahomogeneousliposomesuspension,slowlyinvertthevialseveraltimesuntilthesuspensionappearshomogeneousbyvisualinspection.Vigorousorerraticshakingwillnotdamagetheliposomesbutmayinducefoamingandbubbleformationmakingitmoredifficulttoaccuratelymeasurethedesireddosage.
- Ifthepersonnelperformingintravenousinjectionsarenotexperiencedinorfamiliarwith,precautionsforinjectinglargervolumes(~10%animalweightinml),viscousliquidsorparticulatesuspensions,considerhavingextraanimalsavailableincaseseriousinjection-relatedadverseeventsoccur.Dosecontrolanimalsfirsttobecomefamiliarwithlargevolumeinjections.
- WithinhoursaftersystemicadmiNISTrationofClodrosome®,animalsbegintoloseimportantcomponentsoftheirimmunesystem.Standardanimalhandlingandhousingprotocolsarenotsuitableforimmunocompromisedanimals.Evenwhensuchprecautionsaretaken,monitorthegeneralhealthofeachanimalforopportunisticinfectionsunrelatedtotheexperimentalprotocol.Thereisnoinherenttoxicitytotheproductattherecommendeddoselevels.
- Whendosingintravenously,usestandardprecautionsfordosinglargervolumestoanimalsincludingthefollowing:a)Warmproducttoroomtemperaturepriortodosing.b)Ensurethatallairbubblesareremovedfromthesyringepriortodosing;intravenousinjectionofairbubblesmayresultinairemboliwhichcankillorseriouslyinjureanimals.c)Injectproductataslow,steadyrateofnomorethan1ml/min;decreaseinfusionrateifanimalsdisplayanyatypicalreactionssuchasunusualagitation.
- Infusion-relatedadversereactionsusuallyinvolvetheanimalgaspingforairorotherseizure-likemovements.Animalsoftenrecoverwithnoapparentpermanentinjury,butanypotentialeffectsonexperimentalresultsmustbeassessedbytheresearcher.
- Liposomesshouldbekeptat4°CandNEVERbefrozen.
Dosage
Appearance
Clodrosome®andEncapsome®arebothwhitemilkysuspensionsmadeoflargemicrosizemultilamellarliposomes.Duetotheirlargesize,someliposomesmightsettletothebottomofthevial.Ifleftsittingidleintherefrigerator,Encapsome®willphaseseparateandformpelletsinthebottomofthevialleavingaclearsolutionontop.Clodrosome®mightdothesameonlynotasseverely.Therefore,bothshouldbegentlyshakennottoformbubblesbuttoformahomogeneoussolutionpriortouse.
EducationalVideos
Ordering/ShippingInformation
- Allliposomebasedformulationsareshippedonblueiceat4°Cininsulatedpackagesusingovernightshippingorinternationalexpressshipping.
- LiposomesshouldNEVERbefrozen.Icecrystalsthatforminthelipidmembranecanrupturethemembrane,changethesizeoftheliposomesandcausetheencapsulateddrugtoleakout.Liposomesinliquidformshouldalwaysbekeptintherefrigerator.
- ClientswhoorderfromoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaareresponsIBLefortheirgovernmentimporttaxesandcustomspaperwork.EncapsulaNanoSciencesisNOTresponsibleforimportationfeestocountriesoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
- WestronglyencouragetheclientsinJapan,Korea,TaiwanandChinatoorderviaadistributor.Toughcustomsclearanceregulationsinthesecountrieswillcausedelayincustomclearanceoftheseperishableformulationsifordereddirectlythroughus.Distributorscaneasilyclearthepackagesfromcustoms.Toseethelistofthedistributorsclickhere.
- ClientsorderingfromuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesinAustraliashouldkeepinmindthattheliposomeformulationsaremadefromsyntheticmaterialandtheformulationsdonotrequirea“permittoimportquarantinematerial”.LiposomesareNOTBIOLOGicalproducts.
- Ifyouwouldlikeyourinstitute’sFedExorDHLaccounttobechargedforshipping,thenpleaseprovidetheaccountnumberatthetimeofordering.
- EncapsulaNanoScienceshasnocontroloverdelaysduetoinclementweatherorCustomsclearancedelays.YouwillreceiveaFedExorDHLtrackingnumberonceyourorderisconfirmed.ContactFedExorDHLinadvanceandmakesurethatthepaperworkforcustomsisdoneontime.AllsubsequentshippinginquiriesshouldbedirectedtoFederalExpressorDHL.
StorageandShelfLife
Storage
Clodrosome®andEncapsome®shouldalwaysbestoredatinthedarkat4°C,exceptwhenbroughttoroomtemperatureforbriefperiodspriortoanimaldosing.DONOTFREEZE.Ifthesuspensionisfrozen,clodronatecanbereleasedfromtheliposomesthuslimitingitseffectivenessindepletingmacrophages.ENSisnotresponsibleforresultsgeneratedbyfrozenproduct.
ShelfLife
Clodrosome®andEncapsome®aremadeondailybasis.Thebatchthatisshippedismanufacturedonthesameday.Itisadvisedtousetheproductswithin60daysofthemanufacturingdate.
Referencesandbackgroundreading
1.KocherT,AsslaberD,ZaborskyN,FlenadyS,DenkU,ReinthalerP,AblingerM,GeisbergerR,BauerJW,SeiffertM,HartmannTN.CD4+Tcells,butnotnon-classicalmonocytes,aredispensableforthedevelopmentofchroniclymphocyticleukemiaintheTCL1-tgmurinemodel.Leukemia.2016Jun;30(6):1409.
2.ChristofferssonG,LomeiJ,O’CallaghanP,KreugerJ,EngblomS,PhillipsonM.Vascularsproutsinducelocalattractionofproangiogenicneutrophils.Journalofleukocytebiology.2017Sep1;102(3):741-51.
3.SchaedlerE,Remy-ZillerC,HortelanoJ,KehrerN,ClaudepierreMC,GatardT,JakobsC,PrévilleX,CarpentierAF,RittnerK.SequentialadministrationofaMVA-basedMUC1cancervaccineandtheTLR9ligandLitenimod(Li28)improveslocalimmunedefenseagainsttumors.Vaccine.2017Jan23;35(4):577-85.
4.NakataR,ShimadaH,FernandezGE,FanterR,FabbriM,MalvarJ,ZimmermannP,DeClerckYA.Contributionofneuroblastoma-derivedexosomestotheproductionofpro-tumOrigenicsignalsbybonemarrowmesenchymalstromalcells.Journalofextracellularvesicles.2017Dec1;6(1):1332941.
5.CriderA,FengT,PandyaCD,DavisT,NairA,AhmedAO,BabanB,TureckiG,PillaiA.Complementcomponent3areceptordeficiencyattenuateschronicstress-inducedmonocyteinfiltrationanddepressive-likebehavior.Brain,behavior,andimmunity.2018Mar5.
6.NandiB,ShapiroM,SamurMK,PaiC,FrankNY,YoonC,PrabhalaRH,MunshiNC,GoldJS.StromalCCR6drivestumorgrowthinamurinetransplantablecoloncancerthroughrecruitmentoftumor-promotingmacrophages.Oncoimmunology.2016Aug2;5(8):e1189052.
7.D’AlessandroG,GrimaldiA,CheceG,PorziaA,EspositoV,SantoroA,SalvatiM,MainieroF,RagozzinoD,DiAngelantonioS,WulffH.KCa3.1channelinhibitionsensitizesmalignantgliomastotemozolomidetreatment.Oncotarget.2016May24;7(21):30781.
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1、 配制JC-1染色工作液：
取适量JC-1 Stain (200×)，按照每50μl JC-1 Stain (200×)加入8ml ddH2O的比例稀释JC-1，剧烈Vortex充分溶解并混匀JC-1。然后再加入2ml JC-1 Buffer(5×)，混匀后即为JC-1染色工作液。6孔板每孔所需JC-1染色工作液的量为1ml，其它培养器皿的JC-1染色工作液的用量以此类推。
2、 设置阳性对照：
推荐CCCP(10mM)加入到细胞培养液中处理细胞。随后按照下述方法装载JC-1，进行线粒体膜电位的检测。对于特定的细胞，CCCP的作用浓度和作用时间可能有所不同，需自行参考相关文献资料确定。
3、对于悬浮细胞：
a. 取1～6×105细胞，重悬于0.5ml细胞培养液中，细胞培养液中可以含血清和酚红。
b. 加入0.5ml JC-1染色工作液，颠倒数次混匀。细胞培养箱中37℃孵育。
c. 在孵育期间，按照每1ml JC-1 Buffer(5×)加入4ml蒸馏水的比例，配制适量的JC-1 Buffer(1×)，并放置于冰浴。
d. 37℃孵育结束后， 4℃ 600g离心3～4min，沉淀细胞。弃上清，注意尽量不要吸除细胞。
f. 再用JC-1 Buffer(1×)重悬后，用荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜观察，也可以用荧光分光光度计检测或流式细胞仪分析。
4、对于贴壁细胞：
注意：对于贴壁细胞，如果希望采用荧光分光光度计或流式细胞仪检测，应先收集细胞，重悬后参考悬浮细胞的检测方法。
a.吸除6孔板培养液，根据具体实验如有必要可以用PBS或其它适当溶液洗涤细胞一次，加入1ml细胞培养液。细胞培养液中可以含有血清和酚红。
b. 加入1ml JC-1染色工作液，充分混匀。细胞培养箱中37℃孵育。
c. 在孵育期间，按照每1ml JC-1 Buffer(5×)加入蒸馏水的比例，配制适量的JC-1 Buffer(1×)，并放置于冰浴。
d. 37℃孵育结束后， 吸除上清，用JC-1 Buffer(1×)洗涤2次。
e. 加入2ml细胞培养液，培养液中可以含有血清和酚红。
f. 荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。
5、对于纯化的线粒体：
a. 把配制好的JC-1染色工作液再用JC-1 Buffer(1×)稀释5倍。
b. 0.9ml 5倍稀释的JC-1染色工作液中加入0.1ml总蛋白量为10～100μg纯化的线粒体。
c. 用荧光分光光度计或荧光酶标仪检测：混匀后直接用荧光分光光度计进行时间扫描，激发波长为485nm，发射波长为590nm。如果使用荧光酶标仪，激发波长不能设置为485nm时，可以在475～520nm范围内设置激发波长。另外，也可以参考下面步骤6中的波长设置进行荧光检测。
d. 用荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜观察：方法同下面的步骤6。
6、荧光观测和结果分析：
检测JC-1单体时可以把激发光设置为490nm，发射光设置为530nm；检测JC-1聚合物时，可以把激发光设置为525nm，发射光设置为590nm。出现红色荧光说明线粒体膜电位比较正常，细胞的状态也比较正常。
注意事项：
1、 JC-1 Stain(200×)应完全溶解混匀后使用，但应避免反复冻融。必须先把JC-1 Stain(200×)用ddH2O充分溶解混匀后，才可加入JC-1 Buffer(1×)。不可先配制JC-1 Buffer(1×)再加入JC-1 Stain(200×)，否则导致JC-1很难充分溶解，严重影响后续的检测。
2、 对于6孔板中的样品，本试剂盒共可以检测100个样品；对于12孔中的样品，本试剂盒共可以检测200个样品。
3、 装载完JC-1后用JC-1 Buffer(1×)洗涤时，尽量使JC-1 Buffer(1×)保持4℃左右，此时的洗涤效果较好。
4、 勿把JC-1 Buffer(5×)全部配制成1×，因为操作过程中需直接使用JC-1 Buffer(5×)。
5、 如JC-1 Buffer(5×)中有沉淀，必须全部溶解后才能使用，为促进溶解可以在37℃加热。
6、 CCCP为线粒体电子传递链抑制剂，有一定毒性，请注意小心防护。
实验室要开展支原体检测，方法是PCR法，先要采购试剂盒，用过的同学给推荐一下好用的品牌呗
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牛胰岛素,是一种多肽
在1965年9月17日我国完成了结晶牛胰岛素的全合成。经过严格鉴定，它的结构、生物活力、物理化学性质、结晶形状都和天然的牛胰岛素完全一样。这是世界上第一个人工合成的蛋白质，为人类认识生命、揭开生命奥秘迈出了可喜的一大步。这项成果获1982年中国自然科学一等奖。
1953年，英国人F. SangerSanger由于测定了牛胰岛素的一级结构而获得1958年诺贝尔化学奖。
