
Description
Biotinylatedliposomescanbeconjugatednoncovalentlywith(strept)avidinthrougheitherdirectinteractionwiththeprotein/antibodyconjugatedto(strept)avidinorbycouplingwithotherbiotinylatedproteinsusing(strept)avidinasabridgingmolecule. Bothavidinand(strept)avidinformstrongnoncovalentbondwithbiotin.Thehighresistancetobreakdownmakesthemveryusefulinbioconjugatechemistry.However,streptavidinhasreplacedavidininmostbioconjugationapplicationsduetoitsenhancedproperties.NeutrAvidin(Thermofisher)isamodifiedavidinwithoutnegativeproperties.Itperformsmuchbetterthanoriginalavidinandsometimesstreptavidin.
Inordertoexploitthehigh-affinityinteractionofbiotinwith(strept)avidin,atwo-step“sandwich”protocol(MethodA)hasbeendevelopedforthepreparationoftargetedimmunoliposomes.Inthismethodology,(strept)avidinisfirstattachedtobiotinylatedliposomes,thenabiotin-modifiedprotein/antibodyisintroducedintothebiotinylated(strept)avidin-labeledliposomes.Thisnoncovalentapproachisrapid,extremelyversatileandapplicabletonumeroustargetingligandsofinterestwithrespecttoinvitroandinvivoapplications.Alternatively,insteadofforminga(strept)avidinbridge,(strept)avidinmoleculecanalsobecovalentlyconjugatedtoantibodyorligand(MethodB)andnon-covalentlyboundtoliposomescontainingbiotinonsurfaceinordertoformimmunoliposomes.
Immunodox®-BiotinisaPEGylatedproduct.Forotheraminereactive(PEGylatedandnon-PEGyalatedproducts)andalsoImmunodox®productssuitableforothertypesconjugationmethodsseehere.
FormulationInformation
Immunodox®-Biotin(PEGylated)
LipidComposition | Concentration(mg/ml) | Concentration(mM) | MolarRatioPercentage |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 15.61mg/ml | 21.58mM | 100 |
HydrogenatedSoyPC | 9.58 | 12.22 | 57 |
Cholesterol | 3.19 | 8.25 | 38 |
DSPE-PEG(2000) | 2.5 | 0.89 | 4 |
DSPE-PEG(2000)-Biotin![]() | 0.34 | 0.22 | 1 |
Buffers,LiposomeSizeandEncapsulatedDrugConcentration | Specification |
---|---|
InsideBuffer | AmmoniumSulfate |
OutsideBuffer | PhosphateBufferedSaline |
pH | 7.4 |
LiposomeSize | 100nm |
EncapsulatedDoxorubicin | 2mg/ml(3.45mM) |
ConjugationProtocol
MaterialsandEquipment
InordertoconjugateyourantibodyorproteintaggedwithbiotintoImmunodox®-Biotinliposomesyouwillneed:
- Laboratorymagneticstirrerisneededfordialysis.
- Vortexlaboratorymixerisrecommendedtohave.
- Float-A-Lyzer®withaproperMWCOthateasilyallowsthecleanupofyourliposomeconjugatedligandfromfreeandnon-conjugatedprotein/peptide/ligand.YouneedtomakesurethattheMWCOisbelow1,000,000dalton.At1,000,000daltontheporesizeonthedialysismembranegetscloseto100nmandthereforeyourliposomescanbedialyzedout.Youcannotusedialysiscassettesblindly.Pleaseunderstandthetechniquebeforeusingeitherspincolumnordialysiscassette.IfyoudonotusethecorrectMWCOyoucanloseyourentireprep.ForthisprotocolwerecommendMWCOof300,000dalton.
PreparationMethods
MethodA.Twostep“Sandwich”protocol;Creating(strept)avidinbridge
- ThetotallipidconcentrationinImmunodox®-Biotinis21.58mM.1%molofthelipidinliposomescontainsPEG-Biotingroupandonlyhalfofthemareexposedtotheoutsideoftheliposomes,whichisequalto0.11mMofreactiveconjugablelipid.For2mlvolumeliposome,thisisequalto2.20×10-7mol,andfor5mlvolumeliposome,thisisequalto5.50×10-7molofPEG-Biotin.PourImmunodox®-Biotininaconicaltubeandvortexitgentlywithonehand.Usetheotherhandandslowlyaddthe(strept)avidinsolutionuntilthetwosolutionaremixed.Youneedtouse10-foldmolarexcessof(strept)avidintoPEG-Biotinlipid.Incubatethesolutionfor1hatroomtemperature.
- Removetheunbound(strept)avidinfromtheprepbydialysis.Wepreferdialysistosizeexclusioncolumns.DialysisisamuchslowerprocessbuttherewillbeminimumlossofImmunodox®-Biotinaftertheprepiscleanedfromunbound(strept)avidin.Spincolumnsaremuchfaster;however,youcaneasilyloseover50%oftheliposomesonthespincolumn.WerecommendusingFloat-A-Lyzer®dialysiscassettewith300KMWCOfromSpectrumLabs.DialyzetheImmunodox®-Biotin/(strept)avidinsolutionin1literofPBSatpH7.4for8hours.Changethedialysisbufferwithafresh1literofPBSandletitdialyzeforanother8hours.Afterthisstep,Immunodox®-Biotin/(strept)avidinisseparatedfromunbound(strept)avidin.
- PourImmunodox®-Biotin/(strept)avidininaconicaltubeandvortexitgentlywithonehand.Usetheotherhandandslowlyaddthebiotinylatedantibodyorbiotinylatedligandsolutionuntilthetwosolutionaremixed.Youneedtouse2-foldmolarexcessofbiotinylatedantibody(ligand)toPEG-Biotinlipid.Incubatethesolutionfor1hatroomtemperature.
- Removethenon-conjugatedantibodyorligandfromtheprepbydialysisbyusingFloat-A-Lyzer®dialysiscassettewith300KMWCOfromSpectrumLabs.Dialyzetheimmunoliposomesolutionin1literofPBSatpH7.4for8hours.Changethedialysisbufferwithafresh1literofPBSandletitdialyzeforanother8hours.Afterthisstep,yourcleanedupimmunoliposomesolutionisreadytouse.
MethodB.Usingaantibody/protein/ligandwhichisalreadycovalentlyattachedto(strept)avidin(lesscommonmethod)
- ThetotallipidconcentrationinImmunodox®-Biotinis21.58mM.1%molofthelipidinliposomescontainsPEG-Biotingroupandonlyhalfofthemareexposedtotheoutsideoftheliposomes,whichisequalto0.11mMofreactiveconjugablelipid.Fora2mlvolumeliposomethisisequalto2.20×10-7molandfora5mlvolumeliposomesthisisequalof5.50×10-7molofPEG-Biotin.PourImmunodox®-Biotininaconicaltubeandvortexitgentlywithonehand.Usetheotherhandandslowlyaddtheantibodyconjugated(strept)avidinuntilthetwosolutionaremixed.Youneedtouse2-foldmolarexcessofantibodyconjugated(strept)avidin.Incubatethesolutionfor1hatroomtemperature.
- Removethenon-conjugatedantibodyorligandfromtheprepbydialysisbyusingFloat-A-Lyzer®dialysiscassettewith300KMWCOfromSpectrumLabs.Dialyzetheimmunoliposomesolutionin1literofPBSatpH7.4for8hours.Changethedialysisbufferwithafresh1literofPBSandletitdialyzeforanother8hours.Afterthisstep,yourcleanedupimmunoliposomesolutionisreadytouse.
LiposomeParticleCalculator
Immunodox®liposomesareunilamellarandsizedto100nm.Themolarconcentrationofliposomeis21.58mM.Byhaving liposomediameter(nm)andlipidconcentration(µM),youcancalculatethetotalnumberofthelipidsinoneliposomeandthenumberoftheliposomesinonemilliliteroftheliposomesolution.Tousethecalculatorclick here.
TechnicalNotes
- Doxorubicinisafluorescentmoleculewithλex470nmandλem585nm.Ifyouareusingafluorescenttagonyourantibodyorligand,thenyouneedtomakesurethattheywillnotinterferewitheachother.
- Toavoidprecipitationoflipidinthenoncovalentapproach,careneedstobeemployedinmaintainingahighratioof(strept)avidintobiotin-liposomes.Otherwise,thecouplingefficiencieswouldberelativelylow.
- Alternatively, Sepharose®CL-4BsizeexclusionspincolumncanbeusedinsteadofFloat-A-Lyzer®.However,keepinmindthatalargeamountofliposomeswillbelossonthecolumnduringtheprocess.Dialysisisamuchslowerprocessthatsizeexclusionhowevertherewillbeminimallossofliposomes.
- Ifyoudecidetouseadialysiscassette,youwillneedtomakesurethattheMWCOisbelow1,000,000dalton.At1,000,000dalton,theporesizeonthedialysismembranegetscloseto100nmandtherefore,yourliposomescanbedialyzedout.Youcannotusedialysiscassettesandspincolumnsblindly.Theycomeinvarioussizesandyouneedtochoosethecorrectsizewisely.
- IfyouareusingaligandorpeptidethatishydrophobicthenitisrecommendedtosolubilizeitinDMSOorDMFandthenaddthebuffertoit.Itisrecommendednottousemorethan5%volumeofDMSOorDMFinthesolution.DMFandDMSOarebothcompatIBLewithliposomesandtheyarealsomiscibleinwater.Otherorganicsolventsuchasethanolandchloroformarenotcompatiblewithliposomesandwillcausetheliposomestolyse.IfyouendupusingDMSOorDMFthenaftertheconjugationreactionisdone,youneedtoremoveDMSOandDMFfromtheliposomes.InordertodothatyouneedtouseadialysiscassettethatismadefromREGENERATEDCELLULOSEMEMBRANE. NOTE:NotallmembranesarecompatiblewithDMFandDMSO.Werecommendusinga Slide-A-Lyzer™MINIDialysisDevice withMWCOof2KmadefromregeneratedcellulosemembranemanufacturedbyThermoFisher.AfterDMSOorDMFisremoved,youcanuse Float-A-Lyzer® dialysisdeviceforthefinalstepofcleaninguptheprep
- Liposomesshouldbekeptat4°CandNEVERbefrozen.
Database
Directlinktothedatabasepageforeasynavigation:ImmunoliposomesConjugationDatabase
Appearance
Immunodox®-Biotinisaredtranslucentliquidmadeofnanosizeunilamellarliposomes.Usuallyduetothesmallsizeofliposomesnosettlingwilloccurinthebottomofthevial.Theliposomesarepackagedinanambervial.
EducationalVideo
Ordering/ShippingInformation
- Allliposomebasedformulationsareshippedonblueiceat4°Cininsulatedpackagesusingovernightshippingorinternationalexpressshipping.
- LiposomesshouldNEVERbefrozen.Icecrystalsthatforminthelipidmembranecanrupturethemembrane,changethesizeoftheliposomesandcausetheencapsulateddrugtoleakout.Liposomesinliquidformshouldalwaysbekeptintherefrigerator.
- ClientswhoorderfromoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaareresponsiblefortheirgovernmentimporttaxesandcustomspaperwork.EncapsulaNanoSciencesisNOTresponsibleforimportationfeestocountriesoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
- WestronglyencouragetheclientsinJapan,Korea,TaiwanandChinatoorderviaadistributor.Toughcustomsclearanceregulationsinthesecountrieswillcausedelayincustomclearanceoftheseperishableformulationsifordereddirectlythroughus.Distributorscaneasilyclearthepackagesfromcustoms.Toseethelistofthedistributorsclickhere.
- ClientsorderingfromuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesinAustraliashouldkeepinmindthattheliposomeformulationsaremadefromsyntheticmaterialandtheformulationsdonotrequirea“permittoimportquarantinematerial”.LiposomesareNOTBIOLOGicalproducts.
- Ifyouwouldlikeyourinstitute’sFedExorDHLaccounttobechargedforshipping,thenpleaseprovidetheaccountnumberatthetimeofordering.
- EncapsulaNanoScienceshasnocontroloverdelaysduetoinclementweatherorcustomsclearancedelays.YouwillreceiveaFedExorDHLtrackingnumberonceyourorderisconfirmed.ContactFedExorDHLinadvanceandmakesurethatthepaperworkforcustomsisdoneontime. AllsubsequentshippinginquiriesshouldbedirectedtoFederalExpressorDHL.
StorageandShelfLife
Storage
Immunodox®productsshouldalwaysbestoredatinthedarkat4°C,exceptwhenbroughttoroomtemperatureforbriefperiodspriortoanimaldosing.DONOTFREEZE.IfthesUSPensionisfrozen,theencapsulateddrugcanbereleasedfromtheliposomesthuslimitingitseffectiveness.Inaddition,thesizeoftheliposomeswillalsochangeuponfreezingandthawing.
ShelfLife
Immunodox®-Biotin(PEGylated)ismadeondailybasis.Thebatchthatisshippedismanufacturedonthesameday.Itisadvisedtousetheproductswithin4monthsofthemanufacturingdate.
ReferencesandbackgroundreADIng
1.HermansonGT.Bioconjugatetechniques.Academicpress;2013Jul25.
2.LoughreyHC,ChoiLS,WongKF,CullisPR,BallyMB.Preparationofstreptavidin-liposomesforuseinligand-specifictargetingapplications.Liposometechnology.1993;3:163-78.
3.HauglandRP,BhalgatMK.Preparationofavidinconjugates.ImmunochemicalProtocols.1998:185-96.
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1、 配制JC-1染色工作液:
取适量JC-1 Stain (200×),按照每50μl JC-1 Stain (200×)加入8ml ddH2O的比例稀释JC-1,剧烈Vortex充分溶解并混匀JC-1。然后再加入2ml JC-1 Buffer(5×),混匀后即为JC-1染色工作液。6孔板每孔所需JC-1染色工作液的量为1ml,其它培养器皿的JC-1染色工作液的用量以此类推。
2、 设置阳性对照:
推荐CCCP(10mM)加入到细胞培养液中处理细胞。随后按照下述方法装载JC-1,进行线粒体膜电位的检测。对于特定的细胞,CCCP的作用浓度和作用时间可能有所不同,需自行参考相关文献资料确定。
3、对于悬浮细胞:
a. 取1~6×105细胞,重悬于0.5ml细胞培养液中,细胞培养液中可以含血清和酚红。
b. 加入0.5ml JC-1染色工作液,颠倒数次混匀。细胞培养箱中37℃孵育。
c. 在孵育期间,按照每1ml JC-1 Buffer(5×)加入4ml蒸馏水的比例,配制适量的JC-1 Buffer(1×),并放置于冰浴。
d. 37℃孵育结束后, 4℃ 600g离心3~4min,沉淀细胞。弃上清,注意尽量不要吸除细胞。
f. 再用JC-1 Buffer(1×)重悬后,用荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜观察,也可以用荧光分光光度计检测或流式细胞仪分析。
4、对于贴壁细胞:
注意:对于贴壁细胞,如果希望采用荧光分光光度计或流式细胞仪检测,应先收集细胞,重悬后参考悬浮细胞的检测方法。
a.吸除6孔板培养液,根据具体实验如有必要可以用PBS或其它适当溶液洗涤细胞一次,加入1ml细胞培养液。细胞培养液中可以含有血清和酚红。
b. 加入1ml JC-1染色工作液,充分混匀。细胞培养箱中37℃孵育。
c. 在孵育期间,按照每1ml JC-1 Buffer(5×)加入蒸馏水的比例,配制适量的JC-1 Buffer(1×),并放置于冰浴。
d. 37℃孵育结束后, 吸除上清,用JC-1 Buffer(1×)洗涤2次。
e. 加入2ml细胞培养液,培养液中可以含有血清和酚红。
f. 荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。
5、对于纯化的线粒体:
a. 把配制好的JC-1染色工作液再用JC-1 Buffer(1×)稀释5倍。
b. 0.9ml 5倍稀释的JC-1染色工作液中加入0.1ml总蛋白量为10~100μg纯化的线粒体。
c. 用荧光分光光度计或荧光酶标仪检测:混匀后直接用荧光分光光度计进行时间扫描,激发波长为485nm,发射波长为590nm。如果使用荧光酶标仪,激发波长不能设置为485nm时,可以在475~520nm范围内设置激发波长。另外,也可以参考下面步骤6中的波长设置进行荧光检测。
d. 用荧光显微镜或激光共聚焦显微镜观察:方法同下面的步骤6。
6、荧光观测和结果分析:
检测JC-1单体时可以把激发光设置为490nm,发射光设置为530nm;检测JC-1聚合物时,可以把激发光设置为525nm,发射光设置为590nm。出现红色荧光说明线粒体膜电位比较正常,细胞的状态也比较正常。
注意事项:
1、 JC-1 Stain(200×)应完全溶解混匀后使用,但应避免反复冻融。必须先把JC-1 Stain(200×)用ddH2O充分溶解混匀后,才可加入JC-1 Buffer(1×)。不可先配制JC-1 Buffer(1×)再加入JC-1 Stain(200×),否则导致JC-1很难充分溶解,严重影响后续的检测。
2、 对于6孔板中的样品,本试剂盒共可以检测100个样品;对于12孔中的样品,本试剂盒共可以检测200个样品。
3、 装载完JC-1后用JC-1 Buffer(1×)洗涤时,尽量使JC-1 Buffer(1×)保持4℃左右,此时的洗涤效果较好。
4、 勿把JC-1 Buffer(5×)全部配制成1×,因为操作过程中需直接使用JC-1 Buffer(5×)。
5、 如JC-1 Buffer(5×)中有沉淀,必须全部溶解后才能使用,为促进溶解可以在37℃加热。
6、 CCCP为线粒体电子传递链抑制剂,有一定毒性,请注意小心防护。
实验室要开展支原体检测,方法是PCR法,先要采购试剂盒,用过的同学给推荐一下好用的品牌呗
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