Serum-SalivaCorrelation | 0.75-0.96 |
Sensitivity | 35pg/mL |
SampleTestVolume | 100µl |
RecommendedCollectionVolume | 175µl |
SpecialConsiderations | Postureaffectslevels-werecommendsamplingafter30minutesinposition. Licorice(real)mimicsaldosteroneandshouldbeavoided2weeksbeforecollection. |
CollectionProtocol | DownloadPDF |
Recentstudieshaveshownthatprimaryaldosteronism(PA)isthemostcommoncauseofsecondaryhypertensionwithaprevalenceofapproximately5-10%amongallhypertensivepatientsandanevenhigherprevalenceamongselectedpatientswithadvancedstagesofhypertensionandresistanthypertension.(1) ScreeningforPAamonghypertensivepatientsisimportantdue toitsassociationwithriskforcardiovasculardiseaseandrenaldamage,(1)andnon-invasivesalivaryaldosteronemeasurementshaverecentlybeenexploredasameanstofacilitatethisscreening. MorningsalivaryaldosteronemeasurementsalonewerefoundtohavesomeABIlitytodiscriminatebetweenpatientswithPAandessentialhypertension,andthepresenceorabsenceofadiurnaldeclineshowedpromisefordistinguishingbetweenthetwoformsofthedisease(adenomasvs.bilateralhyperplasia).(2)
Dysregulationofcirculatingaldosteronelevelshasalsobeenassociatedwithpsychiatricdisorders,andarecentstudyhassimilarlyreportedasignificantnegativeassociationbetweenmorningsalivaryaldosteronelevelsandtraitanxietyscores. Thosewiththehighanxietytraitmaybeassociated withaninabilitytorespondwithadequatecortisollevelsduringstress.(3)
Producedlargelyintheadrenal glands,aldosteroneisclassifiedasamineralocorticoidsteroidsinceitsclassicaleffectistoregulatethetransportofsodiumandwateracrosscellsofthekidneyinexchangeforpotassiumandhydrogenions,therebyregulatingbloodvolumeandpressure.(4,5)
Additionally,rapidnon-genomicactionsandlocalproductionofaldosteronehavebeenidentifiedinothertissues,includingtheheart,vascularsystem,adrenalgland,andkidney. Thesenon-genomicmechanismsarebeingstudiedinconnectionwitharangeofdiseasesincludingcardiovasculardisease,cirrhosis,kidneydisease,insulinresistance,anddiabetes.(6,7,8)
Nospecificbindingproteinforaldosteronehasbeenidentifiedinblood.(4) Circulatingaldosteronenotboundtoserumproteinsenterssalivabypassivediffusion.(9) Salivaryaldosteronelevelscorrespondapproximatelyto30%ofthosefoundinplasma,withgoodcorrelationfoundbetweenplasmaandnon-extractedsalivaryaldosterone.(10) Salivaryaldosteronelevelsareunaffectedbysalivaryflowrateorhormone-bindingproteins.(11) Bothsalivaryandplasmaaldosteroneincreasesignificantlywhilestanding,comparedtobeingseated;thiseffectissignificantlyhigherinfemalesthaninmales. Adiurnalrhythmforsalivaryaldosteroneexistsforhealthyindividuals,withhighestlevelsinthemorning.(10)
- Pilz,S.,Tomaschitz,A.,Stepan,V.,Obermayer-Pietsch,B.,Fahrleitner-Pammer,A.,Schweighofer,N.,Portugaller,H.R.,etal.(2009).GrazEndocrineCausesofHypertension(GECOH)study:Adiagnosticaccuracystudyofaldosteronetoactivereninratioinscreeningforprimaryaldosteronism.BMCEndocrDisord,9:11.
- Manolopoulou,J.,Gerum,S.,Mulatero,P.,Rossignol,P.,Plouin,P.F.,Reincke,M.,&Bidlingmaier,M.(2010).Salivaryaldosteroneasadiagnosticaidinprimaryaldosteronism.HormMetabRes,42(6),400-5.
- Jezova,D.&Hlavacova,N.(2008).Endocrinefactorsinstressandpsychiatricdisorders.AnnNYAcadSci,1148,495-503.
- Williams,G.H.(2005).Aldosteronebiosynthesis,regulation,andclassicalmechanismofaction.HeartFailRev,10(1),7-13.
- Meneton,P.,Loffing,J.,&Warnock,D.G.(2004).Sodiumandpotassiumhandlingbythealdosterone-sensitivedistalnephron:Thepivotalroleofthedistalandconnectingtubule.AmJPhysiolRenalPhysiol,287(4),F593-601.
- Vogt,B.&Burnier,M.(2009).Aldosteroneandcardiovascularrisk.CurrHypertensRep,11(6),450-55.
- Schrier,R.W.,Masoumi,A.,&Elhassan,E.(2010).Aldosterone:Roleinedematousdisorders,hypertension,chronicrenalfailure,andmetabolicsyndrome.ClinJAmSocNephrol,5(6),1132-40.
- Whaley-Connell,A.,Johnson,M.S.,&Sowers,J.R.(2010).Aldosterone:Roleinthecardiometabolicsyndromeandresistanthypertension.ProgCardiovascDis,52(5),401-9.
- Vining,R.F.,McGinley,R.A.,Symons,R.G.(1983).Hormonesinsaliva:Modeofentryandconsequentimplicationsforclinicalinterpretation.ClinChem,29(10),1752-56.
- Manolopoulou,J.,Mulatero,P.,Maser-Gluth,C.,Rossignol,P.,Spyroglou,A.,Vakrilova,Y.,Petersenn,S.,etal.(2009).Salivaasamediumforaldosteronemeasurementinrepeatedsamplingstudies.Steroids,74(10-11),853-58.
- Vining,R.F.,McGinley,R.A.(1987).Themeasurementofhormonesinsaliva:Possibilitiesandpitfalls.JSteroidBiochem,27(1-3),81-94.
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bhclna2so4nano3na2co3
chclnaohna2co3nacl
dba(oh)2nahco3alcl3nahso4
通过解答,教会我,谢谢
(1)优级纯试剂 亦称保证试剂,为一级品,纯度高,杂质极少,主要用于精密分析和科学研究,常以GR表示。
(2)分析纯试剂 亦称分析试剂,为二级品,纯度略低于优级纯,杂质含量略高于优级纯,适用于重要分析和一般性研究工作,常以AR表示。
(3)化学纯试剂 为三级品,纯度较分析纯差,但高于实验试剂,适用于工厂、学校一般性的分析工作,常以CP表示。
(4)实验试剂 为四级品,纯度比化学纯差,但比工业品纯度高,主要用于一般化学实验,不能用于分析工作,常以 LR表示。
以上按试剂纯度的分类法已在我国通用。根据化学工业部颁布的“化学试剂包装及标志”的规定,化学试剂的不同等级分别用各种不同的颜色来标志,见表1。
表1 我国化学试剂的等级及标志
A.H2SO4Na2SO4AgNO3BaCl2.
B.NaOHNa2CO3NaHSO4MgCl2
C.CaCl2NaNO3MgSO4BaCl2
D.HNO3KOHKClK2CO3
A、Na2CO3HClH2SO4NaNO3
B、K2CO3H2SO4HNO3BaCl2
C、HClHNO3AgNO3NaCl
D、NaOHFeCl3MgCl2BaCl2
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