
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant and primary carrier of the required energy for various functions in cells. Prolonged ischemia, reperfusion, anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation can lead to a dramatic decrease of ATP, cell swelling, cell rupture, and finally cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Due to drastic hydrolysis of ATP in vivo by ectoenzymes and poor cellular penetration, the direct delivery of ATP to the ischemic tissues is difficult.
To increase delivery of ATP to the tissues and protect from enzymatic degradation, encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed and demonstrated in various models of ischemia [1,2]. Studies on myocardial [1,3,4], liver [5-8], retina [9] and wound healing [10-12] ischemia have shown the ability of liposomal encapsulated ATP to prevent cell death and tissue dysfunction following ischemic events.
The encapsulation of ATP in liposomes markedly promotes its effectiveness by preventing the hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes, increasing ATP circulation time and enhancing its intracellular penetration. Depending on the type of the cell line and the target organ various types of liposomes with different surface charges such as anionic, cationic and neutral has been studied by various groups. Moreover, ATP encapsulated liposomes has been demonstrated to improve energy state and function of the cold-stored liver [6,7,13].
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1. 使用预染 Marker,不过分子量不是特别准;
2. 所使用的 Marker 条带与待测蛋白质带有相同的抗原表位,比如都带有 His 融合标签;
3. 可以使用普通的 Marker 转膜使用 丽春红 等染色,然后在膜上标记出 Marker 各条带的位置。
考马斯亮兰染液也可以重复用。新配的染液10分钟即可,重复3次后要染30分钟。
一抗二抗可以重复利用,但是注意要在5%milk中加入0.2% sodium azide ,并且用完以后放入4度保存,我的经验重复使用4-5次是肯定没有问题的.如果保存不当,就会污染微生物,只能丢弃.
之前是担心所需组织量不够(要求是200-300mg,我的组织只有20mg左右)才跑不出来,后来换用大鼠心脏测试,组织量绝对够。。。而且在跑western之前进行了说明书上的蛋白浓缩步骤,可是在加loADIngbuffer之后,蛋白沉淀怎么都溶解不掉~说明书也注明了如果有沉淀可以取上清继续上样,可是每次上样感觉样品往上浮,只有部分样品往孔里沉,而且跑出来什么都没有,连内参都没有。用的是β-actin的内参。。
western之前浓缩步骤如下:
1、取所得提取物,每100ul膜蛋白加入约300ul的溶解buffer和约100ul三氯乙酸(TCA)试剂,混匀后置冰上20-30min后,13000rpm,离心15min,尽可能去除上清。
2、沉淀加入1ml丙酮,室温静置10min后,13000rpm离心15min。
3、弃上清,沉淀真空旋干或置冰上干燥10min(敞开离心管盖),按适当体积比加入loadingbuffer(使用前没100ulloadingbuffer加入2-5ulβ-巯基乙醇)溶解,彻底分散(枪头反复吹吸或剧烈涡旋),煮沸5min。【注:加入loadingbuffer后如有部分难容物,可取上清继续上样。】
当然做都是可以做,需要带上阴性和阳性的对照组,以区别出是抗体制备的问题还是抗原决定簇被破坏的问题。