Overview:
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 is a factor produced by macrophages that causes local inflammatory responses, and induces superoxide production by neutrophils. Two peptides are responsible for this activity. They have been termed MIP-1-alpha, and MIP-1-beta. The two MIP proteins are the major factors produced by macrophages following their stimulation with bacterial endotoxins. Both proteins are involved in the cell activation of human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and appear to be involved in acute neutrophilic inflammation. Both forms of MIP-1 stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils and the release of lysosomal enzymes. They also induce the synthesis of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF in fibroblasts and macrophages. MIP-1-alpha is a potent agonist of basophils, inducing a rapid change of cytosolic free calcium (see also: Calcium ionophore), the release of histamine and sulfido- leukotrienes, and Chemotaxis. Murine MIP-1- alpha is the primary stimulator of TNF secretion by macrophages, whereas MIP-1-beta antagonizes the inductive effects of MIP-1- alpha. In human monocytes the production of MIP-1-beta can be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and IL-7. The biological activities of MIP-1-alpha and MIP-1-beta are mediated by receptors that bind both factors CCR5. A second species of receptors for these two factors also appears to bind MCAF.
Gene Aliases:
C-C motif chemokine 4, G-26, T-lymphocyte-secreted protein HC21, Lymphocyte activation gene 1 protein, LAG-1, MIP-1-beta(1-69), MIP-1-beta, PAT 744, Protein H400, SIS-gamma, Small-inducible cytokine A4, T-cell activation protein 2, ACT-2, MIP1B, SCYA4, Rec.
Genbank Number:
P13236
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根据磷酸化的底物不同，可将蛋白激酶分为组蛋白蛋白激酶、酪蛋白蛋白激酶等，但由于蛋白激酶可磷酸化底物的多样化，这种分法很不确切，已经被根据底物磷酸化氨基酸的分类方法所取代，有些如酪蛋白蛋白激酶，只是由于习惯而一直被沿用下来。根据有无调节物将蛋白激酶分为信使依赖的蛋白激酶和非信使依赖的蛋白激酶，有些信使依赖的蛋白激酶的首字母缩略词已为人们所接受，如cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶PKA、钙和磷脂依赖的蛋白激酶PKC以及钙依赖钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶CDPK等，它们彼此间存在结构和功能上的相关关系。
也有人认为：蛋白激酶在信号转导中主要作用有两个方面：其一是通过磷酸化调节蛋白质的活性,磷酸化和去磷酸化是绝大多数信号通路组分可逆激活的共同机制,有些蛋白质在磷酸化后具有活性,有些则在去磷酸化后具有活性；其二是通过蛋白质的逐级磷酸化,使信号逐级放大,引起细胞反应.
根据PTK是否存在于细胞膜受体可将其分成受体型和非受体型。向左转|向右转
