Sepantronium bromide

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Description:Sepantronium bromide, also known as YM-155, is a small-molecule proapoptotic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Survivin inhibitor YM155 selectively inhibits survivin expression in tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of survivin antiapoptotic activity (via the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways) and tumor cell apoptosis. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, is expressed during embryonal development and is absent in most normal, terminally differentiated tissues; upregulated in a variety of human cancers, its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy.

Price and Availability

Sepantronium bromide, purity > 98%, is in stock. The same day shipping out after order is received.

Chemical Structure

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 203190Name: Sepantronium bromideCAS#: 781661-94-7Chemical Formula: C20H19BrN4O3Exact Mass: Molecular Weight: 443.29Elemental Analysis:C, 54.19; H, 4.32; Br, 18.03; N, 12.64; O, 10.83

Synonym:YM155; YM 155; YM-155; Sepantronium bromide

IUPAC/Chemical Name:3-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)-4,9-dihydro-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazol-3-ium bromide.

InChi Key:QBIYUDDJPRGKNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChi Code:InChI=1S/C20H19N4O3.BrH/c1-13-23(9-10-27-2)17-18(24(13)12-14-11-21-7-8-22-14)20(26)16-6-4-3-5-15(16)19(17)25;/h3-8,11H,9-10,12H2,1-2H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

SMILES Code:O=C(C1=C2[N+](CCOC)=C(C)N1CC3=NC=CN=C3)C4=C(C=CC=C4)C2=O.[Br-]

Technical Data

Additional Information

Phase II trials: To evaluate the antitumor activity and safety of YM155, a novel, small-molecule suppressor of survivin, as single-agent therapy in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients received YM155. Two patients achieved a confirmed partial response, with an ORR of 5.4% (95% CI, 0.7% to 18.2%). An additional 14 patients (37.8%) achieved SD resulting in a disease control rate of 43.2% (95% CI, 27.1% to 60.5%). Median duration of PFS was 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8 months). Median duration of OS was 6.6 months (95% CI, 4 to 12.2 months), with a 1-year survival rate of 35.1%. Treatment with YM155 was well tolerated with the majority of treatment discontinuations not treatment related. CONCLUSION: YM155 exhibited modest single-agent activity in patients with refractory, advanced NSCLC. A favorable safety/tolerability profile was reported. Further evaluation of YM155 in combination with chemotherapy and other targeted agents may be warranted.    Highlight on most recent research using YM-155Highlight on most recent research using YM-155  Data published in June 2011Data published in June 2011YM155 enhances taxane-induced apoptosis and tumor regression in a human Calu 6 lung cancer xenograft model. Survivin, an apoptotic inhibitor, is overexpressed in the majority of human tumor types and represents a novel target for anticancer therapy. Taxanes induce a mitotic cell-cycle block through the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization, with subsequent elevated expression/stabilization of survivin. We investigated the administration of survivin suppressant YM155 monobromide (YM155), in combination with docetaxel, in a human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft model. Animals received a 7-day continuous infusion of YM155, 2 mg/kg, and/or three bolus doses of docetaxel, 20 mg/kg, according to three dosing schedules: YM155 administered concomitantly with docetaxel, before docetaxel, and after docetaxel. YM155 administered either concomitantly with or before docetaxel showed significant antitumor activity (tumor regression ≥99%), with complete regression of the established human NSCLC-derived tumors in mice (eight of eight and seven of eight animals, respectively). Significantly fewer complete responses (three of eight animals) were achieved when YM155 was administered after docetaxel. No statistically significant decreases in body weight were observed in the combination versus docetaxel groups. YM155 administered concomitantly with docetaxel resulted in significant decreases in mitotic and proliferative indices, and in a significant increase in the apoptosis index. Elevated survivin expression was seen in tumors from mice treated with docetaxel alone; a significant reduction in survivin expression was seen in tumors from mice treated with YM155 alone or in combination with docetaxel, but not in the control group. These results indicate that in a human NSCLC xenograft model YM155 in combination with docetaxel diminished the accumulation of survivin by docetaxel and induced more intense apoptosis and enhanced antitumor activity, compared with single-agent YM155 or docetaxel. [ source: Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Jun;22(5):454-62. YM155, a novel survivin suppressant, enhances taxane-induced apoptosis and tumor regression in a human Calu 6 lung cancer xenograft model. Nakahara T, Yamanaka K, Hatakeyama S, Kita A, Takeuchi M, Kinoyama I, Matsuhisa A, Nakano K, Shishido T, Koutoku H, Sasamata M. Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan]YM155 enhances taxane-induced apoptosis and tumor regression in a human Calu 6 lung cancer xenograft model.[ source: Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Jun;22(5):454-62. YM155, a novel survivin suppressant, enhances taxane-induced apoptosis and tumor regression in a human Calu 6 lung cancer xenograft model. Nakahara T, Yamanaka K, Hatakeyama S, Kita A, Takeuchi M, Kinoyama I, Matsuhisa A, Nakano K, Shishido T, Koutoku H, Sasamata M. Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan]      Data published in Jan 2011Data published in Jan 2011Antitumor effects of YM155 against human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. YM155, a novel small-molecule that down-regulates survivin, exhibits broad, potent antitumor activity against a range of human tumors. We evaluated the activity of YM155 in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In a number of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma lines, YM155 exhibited 50% growth inhibition with values between 0.23 and 3.9nM. Within in vivo xenograft models, continuous infusion of YM155 eradicated large, established subcutaneous WSU-DLCL-2 and Ramos tumors, with sustained efficacy observed through 4 cycles of YM155 therapy. YM155 increased survival significantly versus rituximab in disseminated Ramos models. This study suggests that YM155 may represent an effective treatment for aggressive lymphomas. [source: Leuk Res. 2011 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print] Antitumor effects of YM155, a novel survivin suppressant, against human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Kita A, Nakahara T, Yamanaka K, Nakano K, Nakata M, Mori M, Kaneko N, Koutoku H, Izumisawa N, Sasamata M. Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.]Antitumor effects of YM155 against human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.YM155, a novel small-molecule that down-regulates survivin, exhibits broad, potent antitumor activity against a range of human tumors. We evaluated the activity of YM155 in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In a number of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma lines, YM155 exhibited 50% growth inhibition with values between 0.23 and 3.9nM. Within in vivo xenograft models, continuous infusion of YM155 eradicated large, established subcutaneous WSU-DLCL-2 and Ramos tumors, with sustained efficacy observed through 4 cycles of YM155 therapy. YM155 increased survival significantly versus rituximab in disseminated Ramos models. This study suggests that YM155 may represent an effective treatment for aggressive lymphomas. [source: Leuk Res. 2011 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print] Antitumor effects of YM155, a novel survivin suppressant, against human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Kita A, Nakahara T, Yamanaka K, Nakano K, Nakata M, Mori M, Kaneko N, Koutoku H, Izumisawa N, Sasamata M. Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.]    Data published in March 2011Data published in March 2011Broad spectrum and potent antitumor activities of YM155 in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models.  Antitumor activities of YM155, a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant, were investigated in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models. YM155 inhibited the growth of 119 human cancer cell lines, with the greatest activity in lines derived from non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, leukemia and melanoma. The mean log growth inhibition of 50% (GI(50) ) value was 15 nM. The mean GI(50) values of YM155 were 11 nM for p53 mut/null cell lines and 16 nM for p53 WT cell lines, suggesting that YM155 inhibits the growth of human tumor cell lines regardless of their p53 status. In non-small-cell lung cancer (Calu 6, NCI-H358), melanoma (A375), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and bladder cancer (UM-UC-3) xenograft models, 3- or 7-day continuous infusions of YM155 (1-10 mg/kg) demonstrated significant antitumor activity without showing significant bodyweight loss. Tumor regressions induced by YM155 were associated with reduced intratumoral survivin expression levels, increased apoptosis and decreased mitotic indices. The broad and potent antitumor activity presented in the present study is indicative of the therapeutic potential of YM155 in the clinical setting. [source: Cancer Sci. 2011 Mar;102(3):614-21. Broad spectrum and potent antitumor activities of YM155, a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant, in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models. Nakahara T, Kita A, Yamanaka K, Mori M, Amino N, Takeuchi M, Tominaga F, Kinoyama I, Matsuhisa A, Kudou M, Sasamata M. Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma, Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. takahito.nakahara@jp.astellas.com]Broad spectrum and potent antitumor activities of YM155 in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models.  [source: Cancer Sci. 2011 Mar;102(3):614-21. Broad spectrum and potent antitumor activities of YM155, a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant, in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models. Nakahara T, Kita A, Yamanaka K, Mori M, Amino N, Takeuchi M, Tominaga F, Kinoyama I, Matsuhisa A, Kudou M, Sasamata M. Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma, Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. takahito.nakahara@jp.astellas.com]  Data published in Feb 2011Data published in Feb 2011A multi-center phase II evaluation of  YM155 in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma.A multi-center phase II evaluation of  YM155 in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma.Melanoma continues to be a major health problem with no effective therapy. Melanocytes, both benign and malignant, express many anti-apoptotic factors. Survivin is a member of the family of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and is preferentially expressed in tumor cells, including melanoma. YM155 is a small molecule suppressant of survivin that has been shown in preclinical cell lines, xenograft models and phase I studies to have anti-tumor activity. CONCLUSIONS: YM155 was well tolerated in subjects with advanced melanoma; however, the pre-specified primary end-point for efficacy which required two responders in 29 evaluable subjects was not achieved. [ source: Invest New Drugs. 2011 Feb;29(1):161-6. Epub 2009 Oct 15. A multi-center phase II evaluation of the small molecule survivin suppressor YM155 in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Lewis KD, Samlowski W, Ward J, Catlett J, Cranmer L, Kirkwood J, Lawson D, Whitman E, Gonzalez R. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA. karl.lewis@ucdenver.edu]Melanoma continues to be a major health problem with no effective therapy. Melanocytes, both benign and malignant, express many anti-apoptotic factors. Survivin is a member of the family of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and is preferentially expressed in tumor cells, including melanoma. YM155 is a small molecule suppressant of survivin that has been shown in preclinical cell lines, xenograft models and phase I studies to have anti-tumor activity. CONCLUSIONS: YM155 was well tolerated in subjects with advanced melanoma; however, the pre-specified primary end-point for efficacy which required two responders in 29 evaluable subjects was not achieved. [ source: Invest New Drugs. 2011 Feb;29(1):161-6. Epub 2009 Oct 15. A multi-center phase II evaluation of the small molecule survivin suppressor YM155 in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Lewis KD, Samlowski W, Ward J, Catlett J, Cranmer L, Kirkwood J, Lawson D, Whitman E, Gonzalez R. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA. karl.lewis@ucdenver.edu]  Data Published in Sept 2009Multicenter phase II trial of YM155 in patients with advanced, refractory, non-small-cell lung cancer.Multicenter phase II trial of YM155 in patients with advanced, refractory, non-small-cell lung cancer.PURPOSE:  To evaluate the antitumor activity and safety of YM155, a novel, small-molecule suppressor of survivin, as single-agent therapy in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with stage IIIb/IV NSCLC who had experienced treatment failure during one or two prior chemotherapy regimens (at least one of which was platinum based) received YM155 as a continuous intravenous infusion (4.8 mg/m(2)/d) over 168 hours followed by observation for 14 days in 21-day treatment cycles. The primary end point was objective tumor response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included duration of stable disease (SD), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, and pharmacodynamic evaluations.  RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients received YM155. Two patients achieved a confirmed partial response, with an ORR of 5.4% (95% CI, 0.7% to 18.2%). An additional 14 patients (37.8%) achieved SD resulting in a disease control rate of 43.2% (95% CI, 27.1% to 60.5%). Median duration of PFS was 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8 months). Median duration of OS was 6.6 months (95% CI, 4 to 12.2 months), with a 1-year survival rate of 35.1%. Treatment with YM155 was well tolerated with the majority of treatment discontinuations not treatment related. CONCLUSION: YM155 exhibited modest single-agent activity in patients with refractory, advanced NSCLC. A favorable safety/tolerability profile was reported. Further evaluation of YM155 in combination with chemotherapy and other targeted agents may be warranted. [source: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4481-6. Epub 2009 Aug 17. Multicenter phase II trial of YM155, a small-molecule suppressor of survivin, in patients with advanced, refractory, non-small-cell lung cancer. Giaccone G, Zatloukal P, Roubec J, Floor K, Musil J, Kuta M, van Klaveren RJ, Chaudhary S, Gunther A, Shamsili S.  Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. giacconeg@mail.nih.gov]PURPOSE:  To evaluate the antitumor activity and safety of YM155, a novel, small-molecule suppressor of survivin, as single-agent therapy in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with stage IIIb/IV NSCLC who had experienced treatment failure during one or two prior chemotherapy regimens (at least one of which was platinum based) received YM155 as a continuous intravenous infusion (4.8 mg/m(2)/d) over 168 hours followed by observation for 14 days in 21-day treatment cycles. The primary end point was objective tumor response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included duration of stable disease (SD), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, and pharmacodynamic evaluations.  RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients received YM155. Two patients achieved a confirmed partial response, with an ORR of 5.4% (95% CI, 0.7% to 18.2%). An additional 14 patients (37.8%) achieved SD resulting in a disease control rate of 43.2% (95% CI, 27.1% to 60.5%). Median duration of PFS was 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8 months). Median duration of OS was 6.6 months (95% CI, 4 to 12.2 months), with a 1-year survival rate of 35.1%. Treatment with YM155 was well tolerated with the majority of treatment discontinuations not treatment related. CONCLUSION: YM155 exhibited modest single-agent activity in patients with refractory, advanced NSCLC. A favorable safety/tolerability profile was reported. Further evaluation of YM155 in combination with chemotherapy and other targeted agents may be warranted. [source: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4481-6. Epub 2009 Aug 17. Multicenter phase II trial of YM155, a small-molecule suppressor of survivin, in patients with advanced, refractory, non-small-cell lung cancer. Giaccone G, Zatloukal P, Roubec J, Floor K, Musil J, Kuta M, van Klaveren RJ, Chaudhary S, Gunther A, Shamsili S.  Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. giacconeg@mail.nih.gov]  Data published in 2008Data published in 2008Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin.   PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary evidence of antitumor activity of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies or lymphoma were treated with escalating doses of YM155 administered by 168-hour continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI). Plasma and urine samples were assayed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and excretion. RESULTS: Forty-one patients received 127 cycles of YM155 at doses ranging from 1.8 to 6.0 mg/m(2)/d by 168-hour CIVI every 3 weeks. Overall, the most common grade 1 to 2 toxicities were stomatitis, pyrexia, and nausea, whereas grade 3 and 4 toxicities were rare. Reversible elevation in serum creatinine in two patients, with one developing acute tubular necrosis, was dose-limiting at 6.0 mg/m(2). The MTD was 4.8 mg/m(2). At the MTD, the mean steady-state concentration, clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state, and terminal elimination half-life were 7.7 ng/mL, 47.7 L/h, 1,763 L, and 26 hours, respectively. One complete and two partial responses lasting 8, 24+ and 48+ months occurred in three patients with non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma, two patients with hormone- and docetaxel-refractory prostate cancer had prostate-specific antigen responses, and one patient with non-small-cell lung cancer had a minor response.  CONCLUSION: YM155 can be administered safely at 4.8 mg/m(2)/d 168 hours CIVI every 3 weeks. The absence of severe toxicities, attainment of plasma concentrations active in preclinical models, and compelling antitumor activity warrant further disease-directed studies of this agent alone and in combination with chemotherapy in a broad array of tumors. [source: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5198-203. Epub 2008 Sep 29.  Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin. Tolcher AW, Mita A, Lewis LD, Garrett CR, Till E, Daud AI, Patnaik A, Papadopoulos K, Takimoto C, Bartels P, Keating A, Antonia S. Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. atolcher@start.stoh.com]Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin.   PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary evidence of antitumor activity of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies or lymphoma were treated with escalating doses of YM155 administered by 168-hour continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI). Plasma and urine samples were assayed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and excretion. RESULTS: Forty-one patients received 127 cycles of YM155 at doses ranging from 1.8 to 6.0 mg/m(2)/d by 168-hour CIVI every 3 weeks. Overall, the most common grade 1 to 2 toxicities were stomatitis, pyrexia, and nausea, whereas grade 3 and 4 toxicities were rare. Reversible elevation in serum creatinine in two patients, with one developing acute tubular necrosis, was dose-limiting at 6.0 mg/m(2). The MTD was 4.8 mg/m(2). At the MTD, the mean steady-state concentration, clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state, and terminal elimination half-life were 7.7 ng/mL, 47.7 L/h, 1,763 L, and 26 hours, respectively. One complete and two partial responses lasting 8, 24+ and 48+ months occurred in three patients with non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma, two patients with hormone- and docetaxel-refractory prostate cancer had prostate-specific antigen responses, and one patient with non-small-cell lung cancer had a minor response.  CONCLUSION: YM155 can be administered safely at 4.8 mg/m(2)/d 168 hours CIVI every 3 weeks. The absence of severe toxicities, attainment of plasma concentrations active in preclinical models, and compelling antitumor activity warrant further disease-directed studies of this agent alone and in combination with chemotherapy in a broad array of tumors. [source: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5198-203. Epub 2008 Sep 29.  Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of YM155, a small-molecule inhibitor of survivin. Tolcher AW, Mita A, Lewis LD, Garrett CR, Till E, Daud AI, Patnaik A, Papadopoulos K, Takimoto C, Bartels P, Keating A, Antonia S. Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. atolcher@start.stoh.com]    

References

1: Hong M, Ren MQ, Silva J, Paul A, Wilson WD, Schroeder C, Weinberger P, Janik J, Hao Z. YM155 inhibits topoisomerase function. Anticancer Drugs. 2016 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 27754993.

2: Voges Y, Michaelis M, Rothweiler F, Schaller T, Schneider C, Politt K, Mernberger M, Nist A, Stiewe T, Wass MN, Rödel F, Cinatl J. Effects of YM155 on survivin levels and viability in neuroblastoma cells with acquired drug resistance. Cell Death Dis. 2016 Oct 13;7(10):e2410. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.257. PubMed PMID: 27735941.

3: Zhang S, Wang X, Gu Z, Wang L. Small Molecule Survivin Inhibitor YM155 Displays Potent Activity Against Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Cancer Invest. 2016 Sep 13;34(8):401-7. doi: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1212205. Epub 2016 Aug 25. PubMedPMID: 27559851.

4: Woo SM, Min KJ, Seo BR, Kwon TK. YM155 sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis through cathepsin S-dependent down-regulation of Mcl-1 and NF-κB-mediated down-regulation of c-FLIP expression in human renal carcinoma Caki cells. Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 9. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11137. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27528031.

5: Zhang W, Liu Y, Li YF, Yue Y, Yang X, Peng L. Targeting of Survivin Pathways by YM155 Inhibits Cell Death and Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells.Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;38(6):2426-37. doi: 10.1159/000445594. Epub 2016 Jun 13. PubMed PMID: 27287458.

6: Gyurászová K, Mikeš J, Halaburková A, Jendželovský R, Fedoročko P. YM155, a small molecule inhibitor of survivin expression, sensitizes cancer cells to hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2016 Jun 8;15(6):812-21. doi: 10.1039/c5pp00438a. Epub 2016 May 31. PubMed PMID: 27241169.

7: Zhang J, Xu R, Tao X, Dong Y, Lv X, Sun A, Wei D. TAT-IL-24-KDEL-induced apoptosis is inhibited by survivin but restored by the small molecular survivin inhibitor, YM155, in cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016 Jun 14;7(24):37030-37042. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9458. PubMed PMID: 27203744.

8: de Haart SJ, Holthof L, Noort WA, Minnema MC, Emmelot ME, Aarts-Riemens T, Doshi P, Sasser K, Yuan H, de Bruijn J, Martens AC, van de Donk NW, Lokhorst HM,Groen RW, Mutis T. Sepantronium bromide (YM155) improves daratumumab-mediated cellular lysis of multiple myeloma cells by abrogation of bone marrow stromal cell-induced resistance. Haematologica. 2016 Aug;101(8):e339-42. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139667. Epub 2016 May 5. PubMed PMID: 27151995; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4967585.

9: Ueno T, Uehara S, Nakahata K, Okuyama H. Survivin selective inhibitor YM155 promotes cisplatin induced apoptosis in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Oncol.2016 May;48(5):1847-54. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3438. Epub 2016 Mar 10. PubMed PMID: 26983495.

10: Zhang S, Liu B, Fan Z, Wang D, Liu Y, Li J, Wang N, Liu Y, Zhang B. Targetedinhibition of survivin with YM155 promotes apoptosis of hypoxic human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via the upregulation of voltage-dependent K⁺ channels. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Apr;13(4):3415-22. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4977. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PubMed PMID: 26957114; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4805101.

11: Ho SH, Ali A, Chin TM, Go ML. Dioxonaphthoimidazoliums AB1 and YM155 disruptphosphorylation of p50 in the NF-κB pathway. Oncotarget. 2016 Mar 8;7(10):11625-36. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7299. PubMed PMID: 26872379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4905498.

12: Papadopoulos KP, Lopez-Jimenez J, Smith SE, Steinberg J, Keating A, Sasse C,Jie F, Thyss A. A multicenter phase II study of sepantronium bromide (YM155) plus rituximab in patients with relapsed aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. LeukLymphoma. 2016 Aug;57(8):1848-55. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1113275. Epub 2016 Feb 9. PubMed PMID: 26857688.

13: Li WL, Lee MR, Cho MY. The small molecule survivin inhibitor YM155 may be aneffective treatment modality for colon cancer through increasing apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Mar 4;471(2):309-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.009. Epub 2016 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 26855135.

14: Cheng XJ, Lin JC, Ding YF, Zhu L, Ye J, Tu SP. Survivin inhibitor YM155 suppresses gastric cancer xenograft growth in mice without affecting normal tissues. Oncotarget. 2016 Feb 9;7(6):7096-109. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6898. PubMed PMID: 26771139; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4872771.

15: Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lv J, Wang J. The survivin suppressant YM155 reverses doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Oct 15;8(10):18032-40. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26770398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4694298.

16: Zhang C, Cao X, Gei Y, Wang Y, Liu G, Cheng G, Liu Q. Silencing of survivin by YM155 induces apoptosis and growth arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett. 2015 Sep;10(3):1627-1631. Epub 2015 Jul 2. PubMed PMID: 26622722; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4533751.

17: Sasaki R, Ito S, Asahi M, Ishida Y. YM155 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell death in human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. Leuk Res. 2015Dec;39(12):1473-9. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Oct 27. PubMed PMID: 26547260.

18: Ho SH, Sim MY, Yee WL, Yang T, Yuen SP, Go ML. Antiproliferative, DNA intercalation and redox cycling activities of dioxonaphtho[2,3-d]imidazolium analogs of YM155: A structure-activity relationship study. Eur J Med Chem. 2015 Nov 2;104:42-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.026. Epub 2015 Sep 25. PubMed PMID: 26433618.

19: Hu S, Fu S, Xu X, Chen L, Xu J, Li B, Qu Y, Yu H, Lu S, Li W. The mechanism of radiosensitization by YM155, a novel small molecule inhibitor of survivin expression, is associated with DNA damage repair. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(3):1219-30. doi: 10.1159/000430245. Epub 2015 Sep 30. PubMed PMID: 26418254.

20: Minoda M, Kawamoto T, Ueha T, Kamata E, Morishita M, Harada R, Toda M, Onishi Y, Hara H, Kurosaka M, Akisue T. Antitumor effect of YM155, a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant, via mitochondrial apoptosis in human MFH/UPS. Int J Oncol. 2015 Sep;47(3):891-9. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3077. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PubMed PMID: 26166250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4532197.

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中文名MedKoo中    文美帝药库医药科技公司创立于2008年总部位于美国东海岸

MedKoo是世界领先的供应商之一的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂。我们制造、销售和分发高质量的抗癌小分子肿瘤学研究试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上最全面的抗癌小分子的集合。我们也为医药行业提供高质量的研究服务、医学研究机构和学术机构。我们致力于提供优质的服务。

MedKoo是世界领先的供应商之一的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂。我们制造、销售和分发高质量的抗癌小分子肿瘤学研究试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上最全面的抗癌小分子的集合。我们也为医药行业提供高质量的研究服务、医学研究机构和学术机构。我们致力于提供优质的服务和分子有竞争力的价格。MedKoo是您可靠的合作伙伴采购药物发现和药物分子。

MedKoo是世界的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂供应商之一。我们制造，销售和分销用于肿瘤学研究的高质量抗癌小分子试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上全面的抗癌小分子集合。我们还为制药行业，医学研究组织和学术机构提供高质量的研究服务。我们致力于以具有竞争力的价格提供服务和分子。MedKoo是您可靠的药物发现和药物分子采购合作伙伴。

CRISPR-Cas9是近年兴起的用于靶向基因组特定位置，进行DNA修饰的重要工具。研究发现CRISPR是细菌为了应对病毒的攻击而演化而来的获得性免疫防御机制。具体来说，在CRISPR和Cas9的作用下，经由小RNA分子的引导，靶向并沉默入侵者遗传物质核酸的关键部分。在该系统中，crRNA（CRISPR-derivedRNA）与tracrRNA（trans-activatingRNA）结合形成的复合物能特异性识别靶基因序列，并引导Cas9核酸内切酶在靶定位点剪切双链DNA，随后，细胞的非同源末端连接修复机制（NHEJ）重新连接断裂处的基因组DNA，并引入插入或缺失突变。另外也可以提供一个外源双链供体DNA（Donor）通过同源重组（HR）整合进断裂处的基因组，从而达到对基因组DNA进行修饰的目的。
目前，CRISPR-Cas9系统的高效基因组编辑功能已被应用于多种生物，包括小鼠、大鼠、斑马鱼、秀丽隐杆线虫，也包含多种细菌和植物，甚至在人体上也有应用。