Thalidomide

featured

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Description:Thalidomide is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis.

Price and Availability

Thalidomide (99%) is in stock.

Chemical Structure

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 100840Name: ThalidomideCAS#: 50-35-1Chemical Formula: C13H10N2O4Exact Mass: 258.06406Molecular Weight: 258.23Elemental Analysis:C, 60.47; H, 3.90; N, 10.85; O, 24.78

Synonym:alphaphthalimidoglutarimide. Nphthaloylglutamimide; Nphthalylglutamic acid imide. US brand names: Synovir; Thalomid. Foreign brand names: Contergan; Distaval; Kevadon; Neurosedyn; Pantosediv; Sedoval K17; Softenon Talimol; Abbreviation: THAL.

IUPAC/Chemical Name:2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione

InChi Key:UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChi Code:InChI=1S/C13H10N2O4/c16-10-6-5-9(11(17)14-10)15-12(18)7-3-1-2-4-8(7)13(15)19/h1-4,9H,5-6H2,(H,14,16,17)

SMILES Code:O=C1N(C(CC2)C(NC2=O)=O)C(C3=C1C=CC=C3)=O

Technical Data

Additional Information

Chemical structures:Chemical structures of Pomalidomide; Thalidomide and Lenalidomide are very similar: Thalidomide is an off-white to white, odorless, crystalline powder that is soluble at 25°C in dimethyl sulfoxide and sparingly soluble in water and ethanol. The glutarimide moiety contains a single asymmetric center and, therefore, may exist in either of two optically active forms designated S-(-) or R-(+). THALOMID® (thalidomide) is an equal mixture of the S-(-) and R-(+) forms and, therefore, has a net optical rotation of zero. THALOMID® (thalidomide) is available in 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg capsules for oral administration. Active ingredient: thalidomide. Inactive ingredients: pregelatinized starch and magnesium stearate. The 50 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, and black ink. The 100 mg capsule shell contains black iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, gelatin, and black ink. The 150 mg capsule shell contains FD&C blue #2, black iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, gelatin, and black and white ink. The 200 mg capsule shell contains FD&C blue #2, titanium dioxide, gelatin, and white ink. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide, Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative drug in the late 1950s. In 1961, it was withdrawn due to teratogenicity and neuropathy. There is now a growing clinical interest in thalidomide, and it is introduced as an immunomodulatory agent used primarily, combined with dexamethasone, to treat multiple myeloma. The drug is a potent teratogen in zebrafish, chickens, rabbits and primates including humans: severe birth defects may result if the drug is taken during pregnancy.Thalidomide was sold in a number of countries across the world from 1957 until 1961 when it was withdrawn from the market after being found to be a cause of birth defects in what has been called "one of the biggest medical tragedies of modern times".[4] It is not known exactly how many worldwide victims of the drug there have been, although estimates range from 10,000 to 20,000. Since then thalidomide has been found to be a valuable treatment for a number of medical conditions and it is being prescribed again in a number of countries, although its use remains controversial.  The thalidomide tragedy led to much stricter testing being required for drugs and pesticides before they can be licensed. Thalidomide was developed by German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal in Stolberg (Rhineland) near Aachen, although this claim has recently been challenged. A report published by Martin W. Johnson, director of the Thalidomide Trust in the United Kingdom, mentioned evidence found by Argentinian author Carlos De Napoli that suggested the drug had been developed as an antidote to nerve gases such as Sarin in Germany in 1944, ten years before Grünenthal secured a patent in 1954. De Napoli suggested elsewhere that thalidomide may have been first synthesised by British scientists at the University of Nottingham in 1949. Thalidomide, launched by Grünenthal on 1st October 1957,  was found to act as an effective tranquiliser and painkiller and was proclaimed a "wonder drug" for insomnia, coughs, colds and headaches. It was also found to be an effective antiemetic which had an inhibitory effect on morning sickness, and so thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. At the time of the drug"s development it was not thought likely that any drug could pass from the mother across the placental barrier and harm the developing fetus.  In 1964 Jacob Sheskin, Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Hadassah University Hospital (he was also the chief staff and manager of Hansen Leper Hospital in Jerusalem), administered thalidomide to a critically ill patient with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful complication of leprosy, in an attempt to relieve his pain in spite of the ban. The patient slept for hours, and was able to get out of bed without aid upon awakening. The result was followed by more favorable experiences and then by a clinical trial.[24] He found that patients with erythema nodosum leprosum, a painful skin condition, experienced relief of their pain by taking thalidomide. Further work conducted in 1991 by Dr. Gilla Kaplan at Rockefeller University in New York City showed that thalidomide worked in leprosy by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha and believed it would be an effective treatment for AIDS. Kaplan partnered with Celgene Corporation to further develop the potential for thalidomide in AIDS and tuberculosis. However, clinical trials for AIDS proved disappointing.In 1964 Jacob Sheskin, Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Hadassah University Hospital (he was also the chief staff and manager of Hansen Leper Hospital in Jerusalem), administered thalidomide to a critically ill patient with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful complication of leprosy, in an attempt to relieve his pain in spite of the ban. The patient slept for hours, and was able to get out of bed without aid upon awakening. The result was followed by more favorable experiences and then by a clinical trial.[24] He found that patients with erythema nodosum leprosum, a painful skin condition, experienced relief of their pain by taking thalidomide. Further work conducted in 1991 by Dr. Gilla Kaplan at Rockefeller University in New York City showed that thalidomide worked in leprosy by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha and believed it would be an effective treatment for AIDS. Kaplan partnered with Celgene Corporation to further develop the potential for thalidomide in AIDS and tuberculosis. However, clinical trials for AIDS proved disappointing.On July 16, 1998, the FDA approved the use of thalidomide for the treatment of lesions associated with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL). Because of thalidomideÂ’s potential for causing birth defects, the distribution of the drug was permitted only under tightly controlled conditions. The FDA required that Celgene Corporation, which planned to market thalidomide under the brand name Thalomid, establish a System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety (S.T.E.P.S.) oversight program. The conditions required under the program include; limiting prescription and dispensing rights only to authorized prescribers and pharmacies, keeping a registry of all patients prescribed thalidomide, providing extensive patient education about the risks associated with the drug and providing periodic pregnancy tests for women who are prescribed it.On May 26, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for thalidomide (Thalomid, Celgene Corporation) in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients.The FDA approval came seven years after the first reports of efficacy in the medical literature and Celgene took advantage of "off-label" marketing opportunities to promote the drug in advance of its FDA approval for the myeloma indication. Thalomid, as the drug is commercially known, sold over $300 million per year, while only approved for leprosy. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide  

References

MedKoo，由化学家和药学家陈清奇博士。北卡罗莱纳州的研究三角区（ResearchTrianglePark,简称RTP)，是一家以研发、生产和销售小分子抗癌化合物为主的医药科技公司，该公司的业务范围主要是为全球所有从事抗癌药物研究和开发的制药公司，高校，研究院所，政府相关机构提供与抗癌药物分子相关的产品、试剂和技术服务。

中文名MedKoo中    文美帝药库医药科技公司创立于2008年总部位于美国东海岸

MedKoo是世界领先的供应商之一的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂。我们制造、销售和分发高质量的抗癌小分子肿瘤学研究试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上最全面的抗癌小分子的集合。我们也为医药行业提供高质量的研究服务、医学研究机构和学术机构。我们致力于提供优质的服务。

MedKoo是世界领先的供应商之一的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂。我们制造、销售和分发高质量的抗癌小分子肿瘤学研究试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上最全面的抗癌小分子的集合。我们也为医药行业提供高质量的研究服务、医学研究机构和学术机构。我们致力于提供优质的服务和分子有竞争力的价格。MedKoo是您可靠的合作伙伴采购药物发现和药物分子。

MedKoo是世界的抗癌化学试剂和激酶抑制剂供应商之一。我们制造，销售和分销用于肿瘤学研究的高质量抗癌小分子试剂。我们的使命是建立世界上全面的抗癌小分子集合。我们还为制药行业，医学研究组织和学术机构提供高质量的研究服务。我们致力于以具有竞争力的价格提供服务和分子。MedKoo是您可靠的药物发现和药物分子采购合作伙伴。

CRISPR-Cas9是近年兴起的用于靶向基因组特定位置，进行DNA修饰的重要工具。研究发现CRISPR是细菌为了应对病毒的攻击而演化而来的获得性免疫防御机制。具体来说，在CRISPR和Cas9的作用下，经由小RNA分子的引导，靶向并沉默入侵者遗传物质核酸的关键部分。在该系统中，crRNA（CRISPR-derivedRNA）与tracrRNA（trans-activatingRNA）结合形成的复合物能特异性识别靶基因序列，并引导Cas9核酸内切酶在靶定位点剪切双链DNA，随后，细胞的非同源末端连接修复机制（NHEJ）重新连接断裂处的基因组DNA，并引入插入或缺失突变。另外也可以提供一个外源双链供体DNA（Donor）通过同源重组（HR）整合进断裂处的基因组，从而达到对基因组DNA进行修饰的目的。
目前，CRISPR-Cas9系统的高效基因组编辑功能已被应用于多种生物，包括小鼠、大鼠、斑马鱼、秀丽隐杆线虫，也包含多种细菌和植物，甚至在人体上也有应用。