搜索结果\"细胞增殖/细胞毒性” 搜索结果适用产品信息5 /55 num产品名称CK04细胞计数试剂盒-8应用细胞增殖/细胞毒性检测、CCK-8、WST-8产品名称CK06细胞计数试剂盒-F应用细胞增殖/细胞毒性检测产品名称CK12细胞毒性LDH检测试剂盒-WST应用细胞毒性检测产品名称M009MTT应用还原性显色染料产品名称M496MDA 检测试剂盒应用MDA 检测试剂盒搜索有用信息的结果没有匹配。搜索结果\"快速标记” 搜索结果适用产品信息6 /1～56 num产品名称LK32Ab-10快速荧光素标记试剂盒应用抗体标记产品名称LK33Ab-10快速过氧化物酶标记试剂盒应用抗体标记产品名称LK34Ab-10快速R-藻红蛋白标记试剂盒应用抗体标记产品名称LK35Ab-10 Rapid HiLyte Fluor ™555标记试剂盒应用抗体标记产品名称LK36Ab-10 Rapid HiLyte Fluor™ 647 标记试剂盒应用抗体标记产品名称LK37Ab-10 快速生物素标记试剂盒应用抗体标记候选产品1 有用信息的搜索结果没有匹配。分类生物化学品

特徴的な构造と比较容易に功能基を导入出来ることから、包接化合物を中心とする数々の机能性材料への応用が検讨されているカrikkusuareーン构造や生生试验料中の微量SH基の検出、比色定量用试薬、ペピチド、循环合成用关连试薬、K+定量试薬、ハロゲン定量试薬などを品揃えしている。

阅读更多产品生化代码产品名称单位尺寸C007阳离子重量分析试剂Cesib或1 gD029检测试剂SH MoietyDTNB1 gK003阴离子消除器Kalibor25 g100 gL226荧光素酶底物D-荧光素K盐25 mgP016SH Moiety2-PDS1比色试剂gP017SH Moiety4-PDS1比色试剂gW001肽合成缩合试剂WSC5 g25 gThank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. A novel lncRNA LNC_000052 leads to the dysfunction of osteoporotic BMSCs via the miR-96-5p鈥揚IK3R1 axis AbstractBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in postmenopausal osteoporosis models exhibit loss of viability and multipotency. Identification of the differentially expressed RNAs in osteoporotic BMSCs could reveal the mechanisms underlying BMSC dysfunction under physiological conditions, which might improve stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration. In this study, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing and showed that the novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LNC_000052 and its co-expressed mRNA PIK3R1 were upregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs. Knockdown of LNC_000052 could promote BMSC proliferation, migration, osteogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We found that both LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 shared a miRNA target, miR-96-5p, which was downregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs. Their binding sites were confirmed by dual-luciferase assays. Downregulation of miR-96-5p could restrain the effects of LNC_000052 knockdown while upregulation of miR-96-5p together with LNC_000052 knockdown could improve the therapeutic effects of BMSCs. In summary, the LNC_000052鈥搈iR-96-5p鈥揚IK3R1 axis led to dysfunction of osteoporotic BMSCs and might be a novel therapeutic target for stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration. IntroductionBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are common multipotent stem cells with self-renewal ability and are regarded as an ideal type of seed cells for regenerative cell therapy1. They are easy to harvest from bone marrow and exhibit low immunogenicity due to the negligible expression of immune antigens on their surface as well as their inhibitory effects on major immune cells2,3. Moreover, their homing ability, together with directed differentiation and secretion in injured sites, makes them become an attractive cell source in tissue regeneration4. Owing to these unique properties, BMSCs are widely employed in the treatment of various diseases, such as acute pulmonary injury and myocardial injury5,6.However, due to the limited amounts of cells that can be collected from one donor and the unavoidable differentiation during in vitro cell culture, a continuous supply of standardized clinical-grade stem cells is urgently required for clinical translation7. Some groups attempted to regulate the gene expression of BMSCs to improve their functions. Notably, the mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), in which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges to regulate target gene expression, has become a hot topic in the search for novel practical targets8. Shang et al.9 investigated differentially expressed lncRNAs in BMSCs with or without glucocorticoid treatment by lncRNA microarray analysis. Tang et al.10 and Sun et al.11 studied the osteogenesis-associated lncRNAs by treating BMSCs with osteogenic reagents.Nevertheless, all previous studies used inducers to treat BMSCs in vitro to search for differentially expressed lncRNAs, which may be insufficient to simulate the actual changes in BMSCs in vivo. During studying the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, our team found the viability and differentiation properties of BMSCs collected from ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic rats were remarkably reduced compared with sham-operated (SHAM) rats. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the changes in gene expression during postmenopausal osteoporosis may be of paramount importance for the biological behavior of BMSCs. Therefore, we explored the transcriptional profiles of OVX BMSCs and SHAM BMSCs by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and identified that the novel lncRNA, LNC_000052, and its co-expressed mRNA phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), a negative regulatory subunit of PI3K12 as well as an inhibitor of the Akt signaling pathway13, were upregulated in OVX BMSCs compared with SHAM BMSCs. Then we conducted a series of experiments to characterize the interaction between LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 and their roles in BMSCs.ResultsThe novel lncRNA LNC_000052 and its co-expressed mRNA PIK3R1 were upregulated in osteoporotic BMSCsThe RNA-seq analysis provided an overview of the lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in OVX BMSCs compared with SHAM BMSCs. In total, 2541 lncRNAs were markedly differentially expressed in osteoporotic BMSCs, i.e., 849 lncRNAs were upregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs while 1692 were downregulated (Fig. 1a). We aimed to identify some hyper-activated targets that could be inhibited to improve the function of BMSCs for stem cell therapy. Therefore, a novel lncRNA, LNC_000052, and its co-expressed mRNA, PIK3R1, caught our attention (Fig. 1b). We first validated the upregulation of LNC_000052 in OVX BMSCs by qRT-PCR (Fig. 1c). Then we confirmed PIK3R1 was upregulated in OVX BMSCs at both mRNA and protein level (Fig. 1d, e). To prove PIK3R1 was co-expressed with LNC_000052, BMSCs were transfected with an LNC_000052 silencing plasmid (si-LNC_000052) and LNC_000052 overexpression adenovirus (AD-lnc52-EGFP). qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that the changes in PIK3R1 levels were consistent with those of LNC_000052 (Fig. 1f鈥揾). And the downstream signaling p-Akt/Akt showed an opposite trend against PIK3R1 (Fig. 1g).Fig. 1: The novel lncRNA LNC_000052 and its co-expressed mRNA PIK3R1 were upregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs.a The hierarchical clustering heatmap of lncRNAs that differently expressed in OVX groups and SHAM groups. b The LNC_000052-centered co-expression network (P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, |fold change鈥墊鈥?gt;鈥?.5, |Pearson鈥墊鈥?gt;鈥?.96). c Relative expression of LNC_000052 in OVX groups and SHAM groups. d Relative mRNA expression of PIK3R1 in OVX groups and SHAM groups. e Relative protein expression of PIK3R1 in OVX groups and SHAM groups. f Relative mRNA expression of PIK3R1 after LNC_000052 regulation. g Relative protein expression of PIK3R1 and Akt after LNC_000052 regulation. h Immunofluorescence of PIK3R1 after LNC_000052 regulation (image magnification: 脳200). Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageEffects of LNC_000052 on BMSC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiationCell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and EdU assays demonstrated the proliferation of LNC_000052 overexpressing BMSCs were prominently decreased (Fig. 2a, b). Transwell assays showed that after AD-lnc52-EGFP transfection, the migration ability was significantly decreased (Fig. 2c). Moreover, significantly increased percentages of apoptotic cells and cells in the G0鈥揋1 phase in LNC_000052 overexpressing BMSCs were detected by flow cytometry (Fig. 2d, e). To analyze BMSC multipotency, we took osteogenic differentiation as a reference and found calcium deposition was decreased upon LNC_000052 overexpression (Fig. 2f).Fig. 2: Effects of LNC_000052 on BMSC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation.a CCK-8 proliferation assays after LNC_000052 regulation. b EdU proliferation assays after LNC_000052 regulation. c Transwell assays after LNC_000052 regulation. d Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis after LNC_000052 regulation. e Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle after LNC_000052 regulation. f Alizarin-red staining of LNC_000052-regulated BMSCs after culturing in an osteogenic medium for 14 days (image magnification: 脳200). Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageMiR-96-5p directly bound to PIK3R1 but was sponged by LNC_000052In order to identify miRNAs with binding sites with both LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 that are lowly expressed in osteoporotic BMSCs, we screened the bioinformatics databases TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) and Bibiserv (https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/) and identified miR-96-5p as the only eligible miRNA (Fig. 3a鈥揷). Luciferase activity significantly decreased upon co-transfection of miR-96-5p mimics and wild-type LNC_000052 compared with the other three groups. Meanwhile, the co-transfection group with miR-96-5p mimics and wild-type PIK3R1 exhibited prominently decreased luciferase activity compared with the other groups. We further altered LNC_000052 expression and found miR-96-5p expression was negatively correlated with LNC_000052 levels (Fig. 3a-iii). Then we transfected BMSCs with miR-96-5p agomir or antagomir, and found that PIK3R1 expression was downregulated in agomir-96-5p cells and upregulated in antagomir-96-5p cells, while p-Akt/Akt changed oppositely (Fig. 3b-iii-e). Collectively, miR-96-5p interacts with LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 via these specific binding sites.Fig. 3: MiR-96-5p directly bound to PIK3R1 but was sponged by LNC_000052.a The predicted binding site of LNC_000052 and miR-96-5p was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Relative expression of miR-96-5p was detected after LNC_000052 regulation. b The predicted binding site of miR-96-5p and PIK3R1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Relative mRNA expression of PIK3R1 was detected after miR-96-5p regulation. c Relative expression of miR-96-5p in OVX groups and SHAM groups. d Relative protein expression of PIK3R1 and Akt after miR-96-5p regulation. e Immunofluorescence of PIK3R1 after miR-96-5p regulation (image magnification: 脳200). Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageEffects of miR-96-5p on BMSC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiationCCK-8 and EdU assays demonstrated that decreases in miR-96-5p expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation (Fig. 4a, b). The migration of BMSCs was inhibited in response to miR-96-5p knockdown (Fig. 4c). Insufficient miR-96-5p also remarkably promoted the apoptosis of BMSCs and increased the percentage of cells in the G0鈥揋1 phase (Fig. 4c, d). Furthermore, antagomir-96-5p significantly delayed BMSC osteogenesis (Fig. 4e). By contrast, miR-96-5p overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, osteogenesis, and inhibited apoptosis.Fig. 4: Effects of miR-96-5p on BMSC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation.a CCK-8 proliferation assays after miR-96-5p regulation. b EdU proliferation assays after miR-96-5p regulation. c Transwell assays after miR-96-5p regulation. d Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis after miR-96-5p regulation. e Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle after miR-96-5p regulation. f Alizarin-red staining of miR-96-5p-regulated BMSCs after culturing in an osteogenic medium for 14 days (image magnification: 脳200). Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageKnockdown of miR-96-5p restrained the positive effects of LNC_000052 downregulation on BMSCsWe co-transfected BMSCs with si-LNC_000052 and antagomir-96-5p, and the cells were divided into the following groups: control, si-NC, LNC_000052(-), and LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(-). qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence results showed the expression of PIK3R1 was the lowest in the LNC_000052(-) group, but was recovered in the LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(-) group (Fig. 5a鈥揷). Moreover, in the LNC_000052(-) group, the strongest proliferation and migration abilities, the lowest percentage of apoptotic cells and G0鈥揋1 phase cells, and the most calcium deposition were observed (Fig. 5d鈥搃). By contrast, all effects were weakened in the LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(-) group. Therefore, we conclude miR-96-5p mediates the regulatory effects of LNC_000052 on BMSCs.Fig. 5: Knockdown of miR-96-5p restrained the positive effects of LNC_000052 downregulation on BMSCs.a Relative mRNA expression of PIK3R1 after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. b Relative protein expression of PIK3R1 after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. c Immunofluorescence of PIK3R1 after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. d CCK-8 proliferation assays after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. e EdU proliferation assays after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. f Transwell assays after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. g Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. e Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle after co-transfection with si-LNC_000052 and antagomiR-96-5p. f Alizarin-red staining of si-LNC_000052-antagomiR-96-5p co-transfected BMSCs after culturing in an osteogenic medium for 14 days (image magnification: 脳200). Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageBMSCs co-transfected with si-LNC_000052 and agomir-miR-96-5p had better therapeutic effectsTo investigate if modulation of LNC_000052 and miR-96-5p levels could improve BMSCs鈥?therapeutic potential for clinical translation, we established OVX osteoporotic rats and injected the rats with transfected BMSCs. In the treatment groups, thicker cortical bone, increased bone trabecula, less lipid droplets, and better intertrabecular connectivity were observed by micro-CT and hematoxylin鈥揺osin (HE) staining (Fig. 6a, b). Quantitative analysis indicated that the bone volume/tissue volume ratio and the trabecular number were ~25% higher in the LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(+) group compared with the LNC_000052(-) and miR-96-5p(+) groups (Fig. 6a-ii鈥搃ii). The changes in serum ALP levels showed both knockdown of LNC_000052 and overexpression of miR-96-5p improved BMSC osteogenesis in vivo, and LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(+) BMSCs exhibited the best therapeutic effects (Fig. 6c).Fig. 6: BMSCs co-transfected with si-LNC_000052 and agomir-miR-96-5p had better therapeutic effects.a Micro-CT analysis of proximal tibia (the scanning parameters: scanning resolution, 6鈥壩糾; voltage, 80鈥塳V; current, 50鈥壩糀; exposure time, 600鈥塵s). b HE staining of proximal femurs. c Serum ALP levels. d Schematic of the LNC_000052-miR-96-5p-PIK3R1 axis in the regulation of BMSCs鈥?biological behaviors. Data are presented as the mean鈥壜扁€塖EM (n鈥?鈥? per group). *P鈥?lt;鈥?.05, **P鈥?lt;鈥?.01, ***P鈥?lt;鈥?.0001 vs. NC group.Full size imageDiscussionThe dosage of BMSCs for humans in clinical settings is prodigious, and it has been estimated that 106鈥?07 cells/kg are needed per treatment14. It is vital to increase the availability and viability of BMSCs for further application. Our group found BMSCs collected from OVX rats exhibited decreased viability and osteogenic ability, which is consistent with a recently published study15. On account of these findings, we hypothesized that changes in RNA levels in osteoporotic BMSCs might contribute to the biological behaviors of BMSCs. Thus we conducted RNA-seq analysis.LNC_000052 was identified as an upregulated novel lncRNA in osteoporotic BMSCs. We performed an LNC_000052-centered co-expression network and found LNC_000052 expression was negatively associated with many important genes affecting cell structure and viability, such as Ccnb116, centromere proteins17, and Ckap218, indicating that LNC_000052 overexpression might lead to cell death. Meanwhile, LNC_000052 expression was positively associated with Icam1, a gene which inhibits osteogenesis19, and Medag, a gene which promotes adipogenesis20, indicating that LNC_000052 might affect BMSC differentiation. In the present study, LNC_000052 overexpression led to reductions in the viability, migration, and differentiation properties of BMSCs, which were consistent with PI3K鈥揂KT pathway dysfunction21. Notably, the negative regulatory subunit of PI3K, PIK3R1, was predicted to be a positively co-expressed mRNA of LNC_000052. Therefore, it is of great value to characterize the interaction between LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 and their roles in BMSCs.Peng22 classified the functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in MSCs into the following categories: epigenetic modification, transcriptional expression, posttranscriptional regulation, and others. Considering the changes of PIK3R1 at both mRNA and protein levels, we speculated that LNC_000052 acts as a sponge preventing certain miRNAs from binding to PIK3R1 mRNA. Bioinformatics analysis using TargetScan and Bibiserv suggested that miR-96-5p, which is downregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs, serves as a binding target for both LNC_000052 and PIK3R1. The role of miR-96-5p in BMSCs has not been reported, but it has been identified as an oncogenic miRNA which positively regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway23,24. Similarly, our findings suggest that miR-96-5p promotes BMSC proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. Furthermore, the binding sites between LNC_000052 and miR-96-5p and between PIK3R1 and miR-96-5p were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. qRT-PCR showed that miR-96-5p downregulated the expression of PIK3R1 but was downregulated by LNC_000052 overexpression. We conclude PIK3R1 is a target of miR-96-5p and LNC_000052 serves as a ceRNA sponging to miR-96-5p.Likewise, BMSCs benefited from knockdown of LNC_000052 or overexpression of miR-96-5p. We downregulated LNC_000052 and miR-96-5p at the same time to determine if miR-96-5p mediates the function of LNC_000052. We found that knockdown of miR-96-5p restrained the promotion of viability, migration, and osteogenesis by LNC_000052 downregulation in BMSCs. Moreover, we studied whether the combination of LNC_000052 knockdown and miR-96-5p overexpression could improve the therapeutic effects of BMSCs in vivo. The increased serum ALP levels, bone volumes, and trabecular numbers in the combination group indicated promising improvements in stem cell therapy.In general, PI3K-Akt is a well-known pathway required for osteogenesis and PIK3R1 usually negatively regulates downstream p-Akt/Akt in most studies13,25,26,27. In Wu鈥檚 study28, the functions of PIK3R1 (p85伪) were examined in BMSCs harvested from p85伪鈭?鈭?/sup> mice. In parallel to our findings, it suggested that deletion of p85伪 increased proliferation, promoted G1鈥揋2/S phase transition, and inhibited apoptosis in BMSCs. Interestingly, deletion of p85伪 reduced mineralization although the Akt pathway was activated. Wu et al.28 attributed this to hyperactivation of the ERK1/2鈥揗APK signaling pathway, but it has been reported that activation of ERK1/2 signaling could promote BMSC osteogenesis29. We noticed that in p85伪鈭?鈭?/sup> groups, p110蓱/尾 levels were declined. In fact, p85蓱 on the one hand binds to the N-terminus of p110蓱 and inhibits PI3K signaling activity. On the other hand, p85蓱 stabilizes p110蓱 and protects it from degradation30. In most cases, p85蓱 levels are much more than p110 levels, and free p85蓱 monomer acts as a negative regulator of p85鈥損110 heterodimers31. Partial p85蓱 knockdown selectively reduces the amount of free p85 levels, and free p85蓱 monomer acts as a negative regulator of p85鈥損110 heterodimers, and activates PI3K/Akt signaling32. By contrast, complete PIK3R1 depletion by a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy destroys the stabilization of p110 and PI3K signaling but the Akt signaling is also activated. This might contribute to the decreases in both PTEN expression and Gab2 phosphorylation33. PTEN is a well-known negative regulator of PI3K signaling. Deletion of p85 might in turn weaken PTEN expression34 and it has been proved in many tumors that loss of PTEN drives Akt hyperactivation35. Moreover, when p85蓱 is partly deleted, Akt activation consequently phosphorylates GSK3尾 at Ser9, inactivates GSK3尾, and destroys the 尾-catenin degradation complex, thus 尾-catenin accumulates and activates downstream transcription factors such as Runx2 to increase osteogenesis36. When p85蓱 is completely deleted, more phosphorylated GSK3尾 and accumulated 尾-catenin are found but the cells present a stem-like phenotype with higher self-renewal ability37. The controversy might contribute to the negative feedback loop of GSK3尾/PTEN/PI3K/Akt. PTEN deficiency could enhance the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3尾 in response to certain stimuli38. The loop might be associated with two highly homologous co-activators, CBP and p30039,40,41, whose interactions with 尾-catenin are essential for stem cells to either maintain multi-potency and self-renewal or initiate a differentiation program42. Thus, we speculate that different stimulus intensities or stimulus methods from upstream signaling might destroy the balance of CBP and p300, and lead to different fate decisions of BMSC. For application in stem cell therapy, the promising findings from experiments with RNA-modified BMSCs might be more valuable and useful.Some scholars also focused on the RNA modification of BMSCs. However, as mentioned, all previous studies used inducers to treat BMSCs in vitro to search for novel lncRNAs, or referred to well-known lncRNAs studied in other diseases43, which might be insufficient to simulate the actual changes in vivo. The OVX rat model has been widely accepted for the study of postmenopausal osteoporosis, which is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)44. It鈥檚 highlight that we performed RNA-seq analysis to screen for differentially expressed RNAs in OVX-induced osteoporotic rats. This study provides dozens of novel pathology-related RNAs and improves our understanding of potential therapeutic strategies for stem cell therapy. Besides the pivotal role of the LNC_000052鈥搈iR-96-5p鈥揚IK3R1 axis, we also found notable changes in the expression of some differentiation-related genes, such as Icam1 and Medag, as mentioned above. In view of the above controversy with respect to the multipotency of BMSCs, it might be more beneficial for stem cell therapy to modulate both viability-related and differentiation-related genes simultaneously. The underlying mechanisms of the above targets and some efficient combination therapies deserve further study.To examine the therapeutic effects of RNA-modified BMSCs, OVX rats were intravenously injected with BMSCs. This method has been widely applied both in the lab and in clinical trails benefiting from BMSCs鈥?homing capacity to injured tissues6,45. However, the migration and homing of BMSCs are affected by various factors, such as chemokines, mechanical stress, microgravity, and the first-pass retention in some tissues4,46. The present study suggests that the LNC_000052/miR-96-5p/PIK3R1 axis influences the migration of BMSCs. Moreover, RNA-seq revealed some LNC_000052-related genes functionally involved in BMSC homing, such as PGF47, which is worthy of in-depth study.In summary, we found a novel lncRNA, LNC_000052, which contributes to the dysfunction of osteoporotic BMSCs. LNC_000052 knockdown promoted BMSC proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis and inhibited apoptosis. We further identified the LNC_000052鈥搈iR-96-5p鈥揚IK3R1 axis as a critical factor in the regulation of BMSCs鈥?biological behaviors and discussed its potential for application in stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration based on the successful in vivo experiments (Fig. 6d). Importantly, further screening for differentially expressed RNAs in other pathological BMSCs might shed more light on the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide more advanced targets and therapeutics for clinical translation.MethodsOsteoporosis model establishment and isolation of BMSCsFemale 8-week-old specific pathogen-free Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the OVX group (n鈥?鈥?0) and the SHAM group (n鈥?鈥?0). After acclimatization for 1 week, the rats in the OVX group underwent bilateral OVX, while similar sizes of adipose tissue near the ovaries were resected in the SHAM group. All rats were housed under standard temperature and humidity, with a 12/12-h light/dark cycle and free rodent diet.After 12 weeks, all rats were euthanized. BMSCs were aseptically harvested from bilateral femurs and tibiae and then incubated using Dulbecco鈥檚 modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12, Hyclone, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; BioInd, Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) and 1% penicillin鈥搒treptomycin solution (BioInd) in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37鈥壜癈. Only third-generation BMSCs were used for RNA-seq. For further verification experiments, the third鈥揻ifth-generation BMSCs collected from 3 to 4-week-old female SD rats were used.High-throughput sequencing analysisThird-generation BMSCs collected from three OVX rats and three SHAM rats were frozen in liquid nitrogen and sent to Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) for high-throughput sequencing analysis. RNA-seq was carried out following standard Illumina protocols. Briefly, total RNAs from BMSCs were isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, CA, USA) and treated with the Epicentre Ribo-zero鈩?rRNA Removal Kit (Epicentre, WI, USA) to remove rRNA. Subsequently, sequencing libraries were generated using the rRNA-depleted RNA by the NEBNext庐 Ultra鈩?Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina庐 (NEB, USA). The products were purified by the AMPure XP system and the library quality was assessed on the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system. After cluster generation using the TruSeq PE Cluster Kit v3-cBot-HS (Illumina, NEB, USA), the libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and 125鈥塨p paired-end reads were generated. Data analysis was conducted by the Novogene Gene Regulation Department (Beijing, China).RNA extraction and quantitationTotal RNA was extracted from BMSCs using TRIzol (Invitrogen) and reverse transcribed into cDNA using the Primescript鈩?RT reagent kit (RR047A, TaKaRa, Dalian, China) or the Mir-X miRNA First Strand Synthesis Kit (638315, Takara). The cDNA was used for qRT-PCR using the SYBR Premix Ex Taq kit (RR047A, Takara) with an ABI Prism 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, StepOnePlus, USA). GAPDH served as an internal reference for mRNA and lncRNA quantitation, and U6 snRNA was used for miRNA. The relative expression of RNAs was calculated by the 2鈭捨斘擟t method. All primers were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Primer sequences are listed in Table S1.Western blot analysisBMSCs were lysed using RIPA protein extraction reagent (Beyotime, Beijing, China) supplemented with protease inhibitors and phosphatase inhibitors (Beyotime). The concentrations of extracted proteins were measured by a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime). The proteins were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS鈥揚AGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, MA, USA). After blocking with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2鈥塰, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4鈥壜癈 overnight. The primary antibodies are listed in Table S2. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated at 37鈥壜癈 with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse or HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit for 2鈥塰. Protein bands were visualized with an Enhanced Chemiluminescence Kit (Beyotime) and analyzed using Quantity One Imaging Software (Bio-Rad, CA, USA).Transfection of BMSCsThe si-LNC_000052, rno-miR-96-5p agomir, rno-miR-96-5p antagomir, and their respective negative controls (NCs) were designed and synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The sequences are listed in Table S3. BMSCs were transfected with Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer鈥檚 instructions. The AD-lnc52-EGFP and negative control adenovirus (AD-EGFP) were generated by HanBio Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The optimal multiplicity of infection was 150. The transfection efficiency was confirmed by qRT-PCR (Fig. S1).Immunofluorescence assayTransfected cells were seeded onto round coverslips in a 12-well plate. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100. After blocking with 5% BSA, the cells were incubated with anti-PIK3R1 (Table S2) in a wet box at 4鈥壜癈 overnight. The cells were incubated with a Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody (Proteintech, Wuhan, China, SA00009-1) and nuclei were stained with DAPI. The stained cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse NI, Nikon, Japan).Dual-luciferase reporter gene assayThe recombinant dual-luciferase reporter vectors, including pmirGLO-LNC_000052-wt, pmirGLO-LNC_000052-mut, pmirGLO-PIK3R1-wt, pmirGLO-PIK3R1-mut, and miR-96-5p mimics, miR-96-5p NC, were synthesized by RiboBio (Guangzhou, China). HEK293T cells were purchased and given authentication from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cells were co-transfected with miRNAs and dual-luciferase vectors using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen) and incubated for 48鈥塰. Luciferase activity was measured by the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, WI, USA).Cell proliferation assayBMSCs were seeded in 96-well plates at a concentration of 1鈥壝椻€?05/ml and transfected after incubation for 24鈥塰. At 0, 24, 48, and 72鈥塰 after transfection, 10鈥壩糽 CCK-8 (Dojindo, Japan) reagent was added to each well. After incubation in the dark for 3鈥塰, the optical density (OD) at 450鈥塶m was measured with a microplate reader (Synergy H1, BioTek, USA). Additionally, cell proliferation was visualized with an EdU Cell Proliferation Assay kit (RiboBio) and a fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Japan).Cell migration assayTransfected cells (5鈥壝椻€?04 cells suspended in 200鈥壜祃 serum-free medium) were seeded into the upper chambers of 8.0鈥塵m Transwell chambers (Corning, NY, USA). The chambers were placed onto 24-well plates containing 750鈥壩糽 medium with 10% FBS. After 20鈥塰, the chambers were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution and stained with crystal violet. The cells that had passed through the chambers were photographed using a microscope.Apoptosis and cell cycle assaysAt 48鈥塰 after transfection, cells were suspended at a concentration of 1鈥壝椻€?05/ml and stained with the Annexin V APC/7-AAD or PE/7-AAD Apoptosis Detection Kit (KeyGen Biotech, Nanjing, China). After incubation at room temperature for 15鈥塵in, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD, USA). For cell cycle analysis, transfected cells were harvested and fixed with 70% ethanol at 4鈥壜癈 overnight. Then 10鈥壩糽 RNase A solution and 5鈥壩糽 PI (Solarbio, Beijing, China) were added to the cells in the dark. After 15鈥塵in, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.BMSC transplantation in OVX ratsOVX rats were established by bilateral OVX. On days 30, 45, 60, and 75 after operation, 2.5鈥壝椻€?06 transfected BMSCs were suspended in 500鈥壩糽 PBS and injected into the rats via the caudal vein. The rats were divided into five groups: control, NC, LNC_000052(-), miR-96-5p(+), and LNC_000052(-)+miR-96-5p(+). The NC group was injected with BMSCs transfected with agomir-NC and si-NC. The control group was injected with 500鈥壩糽 PBS without BMSCs. On day 90, the rats were euthanized.Osteogenic differentiation and staining assayThird-generation BMSCs were cultured in high-glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS, 10鈥塶M dexamethasone, 50鈥塵g/ml ascorbic acid, and 10鈥塵M 尾-glycerophosphate. After 14 days, cells were stained with 1% Alizarin Red (pH鈥?鈥?.2, Solarbio) following the manufacturer鈥檚 instructions.Serum ALP and histological analysisBlood was taken from the abdominal aorta of the rats and centrifuged to collect serum. Serum ALP levels were measured using an alkaline phosphatase kit (Solarbio). The tibiae were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and the metaphysis of proximal tibia was measured by micro-CT (Y. Cheetah, YXLON, Germany). Data were analyzed by VG Studiomax 3.0 (Volume Graphics, Germany). The femurs were decalcified for 30 days in 5% EDTA and prepared for HE staining according to the protocols (Solarbio).Statistical analysisAll data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Illinois, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad, CA, USA). 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Consent for publication The institutional consent form is available. Author informationAffiliationsDepartment of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, ChinaMingyang Li,聽Liyu Yang,聽Lei Yang,聽Yiqi Zhang聽 聽Qin FuDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, ChinaRong CongAuthorsMingyang LiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarRong CongView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarLiyu YangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarLei YangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarYiqi ZhangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarQin FuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed聽Google ScholarContributionsM.L. and Q.F. designed the study. M.L. performed most of the experiments and drafted the manuscript. R.C. and L.Y. helped perform some of the experiments. L.Y. and Y.Z. helped analyze the data.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to Qin Fu.Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Additional informationPublisher鈥檚 note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Edited by Y. ShiSupplementary information