1. 什么是自噬？

自噬（英文名autophagy）一词合成于希腊语词根： auto （意为 自身 ）和 phagy （意为 吃 ），意即细胞的自我消化。自噬是凋亡之外的第二种程序性细胞死亡方式，是进化过程中保留下来的高度保守的自我保护机制，参与自噬的基因从单细胞的酵母到植物、脊椎动物和人中均较为保守。

2. 自噬研究热度分析

2004年12月出版的《Science》杂志将自噬的研究列为2005年科技领域的六大热点之首。2005年，《Autophagy》杂志创刊，标志着自噬的研究已经得到了国际的公认和重视。在PubMed数据库中收录的自噬相关的文献，从1990年至2016年大约为25000余篇，而最近5年，相关的文献数量达到了17000余篇，呈现了爆炸式增长，可以预计与凋亡一样，自噬的研究将会继续呈现上升趋势（图1）。

图1:1990年至今各年收录于PubMed中的自噬（Autophagy）相关报道的文献数量

3. 自噬研究常用产品

3.1 LC3

Fig1: Western Blot: LC3B/MAP1LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - analysis of LC3 in Huh-7 and SMMC-7721 cells using anti-LC3B antibody. Image from verified customer review. Fig2: Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LC3/MAP1LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in mouse renal tissue. Image courtesy of an anonymous customer review.

Novus在细胞自噬方面享有极高的声誉，其产品被大量顶级期刊如Cell，Nature引用，部分文献如下：

1. [LC3, NB100-2220] Wlodarska M, Thaiss CA, Nowarski R et al. NLRP6 Inflammasome Orchestrates the Coloni Host-Microbial Interface by Regulating Goblet Cell Mucus Secretion. Cell. 2014, PMID: 24581500. (WB, Mouse)

2. [LC3, NB100-2220] Chin RM, Fu X, Pai MY et al. The metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Nature. 2014, PMID: 24828042. (WB, Human)

3. [LC3, NB100-2220] Zavodszky E, Seaman MN, Moreau K et al. Mutation in VPS35 associated with Parkinson s disease impairs WASH complex association and inhibits autophagy. Nature Commun. 2014, PMID: 24819384. (WB,Human)

4. [LC3, NB100-2220] Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Brace LE et al. Defective Mitophagy in XPA via PARP-1 Hyperactivation and NAD(+)/SIRT1 Reduction. Cell. 2014, PMID: 24813611. (WB, ICC/Human, Mouse, Rat)

5. [LC3, NB100-2220] Bingol B, Tea JS, Phu L et al. The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy. Nature. 2014, PMID: 24896179. (WB, ICC/Human)

6. [LC3, NB100-2220] Shanware NP, Bray K, Eng CH et al. Glutamine deprivation stimulates mTOR-JNK-dependent chemokine secretion. Nature Commun. 2014, PMID: 25254627.

7. [LC3B, NB600-1384] Meunier E, Dick MS, Dreier RF et al. Caspase-11 activation requires lysis of pathogen-containing vacuoles by IFN-induced GTPases. Nature 2014, PMID: 24739961. (ICC/Mouse)

8. [LC3B, NB600-1384] Lee JM, Wagner M, Xiao R et al. Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors coordinate autophagy. Nature. 2014, PMID: 25383539.

9. [LC3, NB100-2331] Zhang L, Chen X, Sharma P et al. HACE1-dependent protein degradation provides cardiac protection in response to haemodynamic stress. Nature Commun. 2014. PMID: 24614889. (WB, Mouse)

3.2 ATG H6-NB110-53818 ATG5 Antibody Rabbit WB, ICC/IF, IHC,more Hu,Ms,Rt,more H6-NB110-56893 ATG9A Antibody Rabbit WB, ICC/IF, IHC,more Hu,Ms,Rt,more Fig3: Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: ATG5 Antibody [NB110-53818] - Staining of mouse knee. Image from verified customer review

1.[ATG5, NB110-53818] Bejarano E, Yuste A, Patel B et al. Connexins modulate autophagosome biogenesis.Nature.Cell Biol. 2014, PMID: 24705551. (WB, IP, Mouse)

2. [ATG5, NB110-53818] Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Brace LE et al. Defective Mitophagy in XPA via PARP-1 Hyper activation and NAD(+)/SIRT1 Reduction. Cell. 2014, PMID: 24813611. (WB, Mouse).

3.3 Bcl-2 H6-NB100-56098 Bcl-2 Antibody Rabbit WB, IHC, IHC-P, IP Hu,Ms,more H6-NB100-56101 Bcl-2 Antibody Rabbit WB, IHC, IHC-P, IP Hu,Ms,Rt,more H6-NB500-249 Beclin 1 Antibody Rabbit WB, IHC, IHC-P, IP Hu,Ms,Rt H6-NBP1-00085 Beclin 1 Antibody Mouse WB, IHC, IHC-P, IP Hu,Ms,More

Fig4: Western Blot: Beclin 1/ATG6 Antibody [NB500-249] - WB analysis of Belclin1. Lane 1 human brain and Lane 2 mouse brain.

Fig5:Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Beclin 1/ATG6 Antibody [NB500-249] - Beclin 1 antibody was tested in HeLa cells with Dylight 488 (green). Nuclei and alpha-tubulin were counterstained with DAPI (blue) and Dylight 550 (red).

1.[Beclin 1, NB500-249] Pampliega O, Orhon I, Patel B et al. Functional interaction between autophagy andciliogenesis. Nature. 2013, PMID: 24089209. (ICC/Mouse)

3.5 p70 S6K 70- A001 Rapamycin 1 mg 自噬诱导剂，对mTOR的抑制模拟细胞饥饿， 阻断细胞生长和增殖需要的信号传导。 70- A002-25 3-Methyladenine 25 mg 广泛应用的细胞自噬抑制剂，可以抑制PI3K活性， 抑制自噬过程的初始阶段。 70- A003 LY294002 1 mg 特异性抑制P13K信号途径，包括常见的抑制Akt磷酸化等，阻断自噬体形成。

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