AmplideX® PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents
AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents* are market-leading research tools for the detection of CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. These reagents provide a PCR-only approach based on Triplet Repeat Primed PCR (TP-PCR) design to reliably amplify and detect all alleles including Full Mutations.
Features & Benefits
AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents* have created an easy-to-use, accessible, high performance method for laboratories to reliably analyze CGG repeats and detect interrupting AGG sequences in the FMR1 gene.
Reduced ComplexityEase-of-analysis of the FMR1 gene has been simplified through:
- Implementation of proprietary PCR solution for amplifying GC-rich regions
- Automation of result calling using AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reporter*
Optimized WorkflowValuable operator hands-on time has been significantly reduced through:
- Direct injection of PCR products (no PCR clean up) in to Capillary Electrophoresis platforms
- Decreased need for Southern blot analysis (up to 50 fold)
- End-to-end solution for FMR1 analysis including all necessary reagents and software
Quality PerformancePerforming FMR1 Analysis with Greater Sensitivity and Accuracy:
- Detection of all allele expansions, including low abundance full mutation size mosaics with up to at least 1300 CGG repeats
- Up to 875 fold more sensitive than Southern blot1
- Resolution of female homozygous and heterozygous samples and indication of interrupting AGG sequences
- Proven performance as indicated by more than 30 peer reviewed publications
*For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

Product Description
Analytical Characteristics of AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents*:
- Detects all alleles including low abundance full mutations (Figure 1)
- Accurately sizes any repeat up to 200 CGG repeats (Figure 2)
- Resolves female zygosity (Figure 3)
- Detects presence of AGG interruptions (Figure 4)
Figure 1: Amplification of Asuragen’s Methylation and Sensitivity Control which has a 5% full mutation in a background of 95% Normal

Figure 2. Female premutation sample with accurate sizing of Normal (30 CGG) and Pre mutation allele (56 CGG)

Figure 3: The difference in the “stutter” peak patterns of homozygous and heterozygous female provides a clear resolution of zygosity

Figure 4. Female Full Mutation sample with AGG interruptions as indicated by sudden decrease in peak heights of the “stutter” peak profile

Ordering
| Product Name | Number of Reactions | Catalog Number |
|---|---|---|
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Control | 24 UL | 49513 |
| AmplideX mPCR FMR1 Control | 24 UL | 49514 |
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents | 100 | 49402 |
| AmplideX mPCR FMR1 Kit | 24 | 49442 |
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reporter | N/A | 49576 |
T 1-877-777-1874; 512-681-5200 F 512-681-5202 E orders@asuragen.com
References
- Referenced in over 30 peer reviewed publications and used in over 200 laboratories, the AmplideX® PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents* are globally recognized as best-in-class for assessment of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene.
- Key resources
- Videos
AmplideX® PCR/CE FMR1 Kit
AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Kit is an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) device for use in clinical laboratories for detection of the CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. The device is intended to aid in the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome and fragile X associated disorders, e.g. tremor and ataxia syndrome (FX-TAS) and primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), through determination of CGG repeat length up to 200 CGG and detection of alleles greater than 200 CGG. The kit provides a PCR-only approach based on Triplet Repeat Primed PCR (TP-PCR) design to reliably amplify and detect all alleles including Full Mutations.
Features & Benefits
AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Kit has created an easy-to-use, accessible, high performance method for laboratories to reliably analyze CGG repeats and detect interrupting AGG sequences in the FMR1 gene.
Reduced ComplexityEase-of-analysis of the FMR1 gene has been simplified through:
- Implementation of proprietary PCR solution for amplifying GC-rich regions
- Automation of result calling using AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reporter
Optimized WorkflowValuable operator hands-on time has been significantly reduced through:
- Direct injection of PCR products (no PCR clean up) in to Capillary Electrophoresis platforms
- Decreased need for Southern blot analysis (up to 50 fold)
- End-to-end solution for FMR1 analysis including all necessary reagents and software
Quality PerformancePerforming FMR1 Analysis with Greater Sensitivity and Accuracy:
- Detection of all allele expansions, including low abundance full mutation size mosaics with up to at least 1300 CGG repeats
- Up to 875 fold more sensitive than Southern blot1
- Resolution of female homozygous and heterozygous samples and indication of interrupting AGG sequences
- Proven performance as indicated by more than 30 peer reviewed publications
Product Description
Analytical Characteristics of AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Kit:
- Proven clinical accuracy compared to Southern Blot (Table 1)
- Detects all alleles including low abundance full mutations (Figure 1)
- Accurately sizes all alleles up to 200 CGG repeats (Figure 2)
- Resolves female zygosity (Figure 3)
- Detects presence of AGG interruptions (Figure 4)
Table 1: Diagnostic Sensitivity of 100%; Diagnostic Specificity of 98.4% and Overall Accuracy of 99%
*These 2 samples presented premutation alleles by both methods and low intensity full mutation alleles detected only by the AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Kit
Figure 1: Amplification of Asuragen’s Methylation and Sensitivity Control which has a 5% full mutation in a background of 95% Normal

Figure 2. Female Pre-mutation sample with accurate sizing of Normal (30 CGG) and Pre-mutation allele (56 CGG)

Figure 3: The difference in the “stutter” peak patterns of homozygous and heterozygous female provides a clear resolution of zygosity

Figure 4. Female Full Mutation sample with AGG interruptions as indicated by sudden decrease in peak heights of the “stutter” peak profile

Ordering
| Product Name | Number of Reactions | Catalog Number |
|---|---|---|
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Control* | 24 UL | 49513 |
| AmplideX mPCR FMR1 Control* | 24 UL | 49514 |
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents* | 100 | 49402 |
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Kit | 100 | 76008 |
| AmplideX mPCR FMR1 Kit* | 24 | 49442 |
| AmplideX PCR/CE FMR1 Reporter* | N/A | 49576 |
T 1-877-777-1874; 512-681-5200 F 1-512-681-5202 E orders@asuragen.com
References
- Referenced in over 30 peer reviewed publications and used in over 200 laboratories, the AmplideX® PCR/CE FMR1 Reagents* are globally recognized as best-in-class for assessment of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene.
- Key resources
- Videos
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其他的特征是:1.由基因控制,2,不引起炎症.3.质膜不破裂,4,染色质DNA的有控裂
接受凋亡信号→凋亡调控分子间的相互作用→蛋白水解酶的活化(Caspase)→进入连续反应过程 细胞凋亡的启动是细胞在感受到相应的信号刺激后胞内一系列控制开关的开启或关闭,不同的外界因素启动凋亡的方式不同,所引起的信号转导也不相同,客观上说对细胞凋亡过程中信号传递系统的认识还是不全面的,比较清楚的通路主要有:
1)细胞凋亡的膜受体通路:各种外界因素是细胞凋亡的启动剂,它们可以通过不同的信号传递系统传递凋亡信号,引起细胞凋亡,我们以Fas -FasL为例:
Fas是一种跨膜蛋白,属于肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员,它与FasL结合可以启动凋亡信号的转导引起细胞凋亡。它的活化包括一系列步骤:首先配体诱导受体三聚体化,然后在细胞膜上形成凋亡诱导复合物,这个复合物中包括带有死亡结构域的Fas相关蛋白FADD。Fas又称CD95,是由325个氨基酸组成的受体分子,Fas一旦和配体FasL结合,可通过Fas分子启动致死性信号转导,最终引起细胞一系列特征性变化,使细胞死亡。Fas作为一种普遍表达的受体分子,可出现于多种细胞表面,但FasL的表达却有其特点,通常只出现于活化的T细胞和NK细胞,因而已被活化的杀伤性免疫细胞,往往能够最有效地以凋亡途径置靶细胞于死地。Fas分子胞内段带有特殊的死亡结构域(DD,death domain)。三聚化的Fas和FasL结合后,使三个Fas分子的死亡结构域相聚成簇,吸引了胞浆中另一种带有相同死亡结构域的蛋白FADD。FADD是死亡信号转录中的一个连接蛋白,它由两部分组成:C端(DD结构域)和N端(DED)部分。DD结构域负责和Fas分子胞内段上的DD结构域结合,该蛋白再以DED连接另一个带有DED的后续成分,由此引起N段DED随即与无活性的半胱氨酸蛋白酶8(caspase8)酶原发生同嗜性交联,聚合多个caspase8的分子,caspase8分子遂由单链酶原转成有活性的双链蛋白,进而引起随后的级联反应,即Caspases,后者作为酶原而被激活,引起下面的级联反应。细胞发生凋亡。因而TNF诱导的细胞凋亡途径与此类似
2)细胞色素C释放和Caspases激活的生物化学途径
线粒体是细胞生命活动控制中心,它不仅是细胞呼吸链和氧化磷酸化的中心,而且是细胞凋亡调控中心。实验表明了细胞色素C从线粒体释放是细胞凋亡的关键步骤。释放到细胞浆的细胞色素C在dATP存在的条件下能与凋亡相关因子1(Apaf-1)结合,使其形成多聚体,并促使caspase-9与其结合形成凋亡小体,caspase-9被激活,被激活的caspase-9能激活其它的caspase如caspase-3等,从而诱导细胞凋亡。此外,线粒体还释放凋亡诱导因子,如AIF,参与激活caspase。可见,细胞凋亡小体的相关组份存在于正常细胞的不同部位。促凋亡因子能诱导细胞色素C释放和凋亡小体的形成。很显然,细胞色素C从线粒体释放的调节是细胞凋亡分子机理研究的关键问题。多数凋亡刺激因子通过线粒体激活细胞凋亡途经。有人认为受体介导的凋亡途经也有细胞色素C从线粒体的释放。如对Fas应答的细胞中,一类细胞(type1)中含有足够的胱解酶8 (caspase8)可被死亡受体活化从而导致细胞凋亡。在这类细胞中高表达Bcl-2并不能抑制Fas诱导的细胞凋亡。在另一类细胞(type2)如肝细胞中,Fas受体介导的胱解酶8活化不能达到很高的水平。因此这类细胞中的凋亡信号需要借助凋亡的线粒体途经来放大,而Bid -- 一种仅含有BH3结构域的Bcl-2家族蛋白是将凋亡信号从胱解酶8向线粒体传递的信使。 尽管凋亡过程的详细机制尚不完全清楚,但是已经确定Caspase即半胱天冬蛋白酶在凋亡过程中是起着必不可少的作用,细胞凋亡的过程实际上是Caspase不可逆有限水解底物的级联放大反应过程,到目前为止,至少已有14种Caspase被发现,Caspase分子间的同源性很高,结构相似,都是半胱氨酸家族蛋白酶,根据功能可把Caspase基本分为二类:一类参与细胞的加工,如Pro-IL-1β和Pro-IL-1δ,形成有活性的IL-1β和IL-1δ;第二类参与细胞凋亡,包括caspase2,3,6,7,8,9.10。Caspase家族一般具有以下特征:
1)C端同源区存在半胱氨酸激活位点,此激活位点结构域为QACR/QG。
2)通常以酶原的形式存在,相对分子质量29000-49000(29-49KD),在受到激活后其内部保守的天冬氨酸残基经水解形成大(P20)小(P10)两个亚单位,并进而形成两两组成的有活性的四聚体,其中,每个P20/P10异二聚体可来源于同一前体分子也可来源于两个不同的前体分子。
3)末端具有一个小的或大的原结构域。
参与诱导凋亡的Caspase分成两大类:启动酶(inititaor)和效应酶(effector)它们分别在死亡信号转导的上游和下游发挥作用。向左转|向右转
做CCK8很多次了,每次96孔板五个梯度的药物浓度OD值波动很大,同一块板子不同时间1.2.3.4h趋势都不同,浓度梯度和结果很乱,很是困惑,MTT做出一次,这个是6个复孔取平均值做的趋势图,五个点从左到右是由高浓度到低浓度,希望大神帮忙,
接受凋亡信号→凋亡调控分子间的相互作用→蛋白水解酶的活化(Caspase)→进入连续反应过程
1.凋亡的启动阶段
细胞凋亡的启动是细胞在感受到相应的信号刺激后胞内一系列控制开关的开启或关闭,不同的外界因素启动凋亡的方式不同,所引起的信号转导也不相同,客观上说对细胞凋亡过程中信号传递系统的认识还是不全面的,目前比较清楚的通路主要有:
1)细胞凋亡的膜受体通路:各种外界因素是细胞凋亡的启动剂,它们可以通过不同的信号传递系统传递凋亡信号,引起细胞凋亡,我们以Fas -FasL为例:
Fas是一种跨膜蛋白,属于肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员,它与FasL结合可以启动凋亡信号的转导引起细胞凋亡。它的活化包括一系列步骤:首先配体诱导受体三聚体化,然后在细胞膜上形成凋亡诱导复合物,这个复合物中包括带有死亡结构域的Fas相关蛋白FADD。Fas又称CD95,是由325个氨基酸组成的受体分子,Fas一旦和配体FasL结合,可通过Fas分子启动致死性信号转导,最终引起细胞一系列特征性变化,使细胞死亡。Fas作为一种普遍表达的受体分子,可出现于多种细胞表面,但FasL的表达却有其特点,通常只出现于活化的T细胞和NK细胞,因而已被活化的杀伤性免疫细胞,往往能够最有效地以凋亡途径置靶细胞于死地。Fas分子胞内段带有特殊的死亡结构域(DD,death domain)。三聚化的Fas和FasL结合后,使三个Fas分子的死亡结构域相聚成簇,吸引了胞浆中另一种带有相同死亡结构域的蛋白FADD。FADD是死亡信号转录中的一个连接蛋白,它由两部分组成:C端(DD结构域)和N端(DED)部分。DD结构域负责和Fas分子胞内段上的DD结构域结合,该蛋白再以DED连接另一个带有DED的后续成分,由此引起N段DED随即与无活性的半胱氨酸蛋白酶8(caspase8)酶原发生同嗜性交联,聚合多个caspase8的分子,caspase8分子逐由单链酶原转成有活性的双链蛋白,进而引起随后的级联反应,即Caspases,后者作为酶原而被激活,引起下面的级联反应。细胞发生凋亡。因而TNF诱导的细胞凋亡途径与此类似
2)细胞色素C释放和Caspases激活的生物化学途经
细胞核是细胞生命活动控制中心,它不仅是细胞呼吸链和氧化磷酸化的中心,而且是细胞凋亡调控中心。实验表明了细胞色素C从线粒体释放是细胞凋亡的关键步骤。释放到细胞浆的细胞色素C在dATP存在的条件下能与凋亡相关因子1(Apaf-1)结合,使其形成多聚体,并促使caspase-9与其结合形成凋亡小体,caspase-9被激活,被激活的caspase-9能激活其它的caspase如caspase-3等,从而诱导细胞凋亡。此外,线粒体还释放凋亡诱导因子,如AIF,参与激活caspase。可见,细胞凋亡小体的相关组份存在于正常细胞的不同部位。促凋亡因子能诱导细胞色素C释放和凋亡小体的形成。很显然,细胞色素C从线粒体释放的调节是细胞凋亡分子机理研究的关键问题。多数凋亡刺激因子通过线粒体激活细胞凋亡途经。有人认为受体介导的凋亡途经也有细胞色素C从线粒体的释放。如对Fas应答的细胞中,一类细胞(type1)中含有足够的胱解酶8 (caspase8)可被死亡受体活化从而导致细胞凋亡。在这类细胞中高表达Bcl-2并不能抑制Fas诱导的细胞凋亡。在另一类细胞(type2)如肝细胞中,Fas受体介导的胱解酶8活化不能达到很高的水平。因此这类细胞中的凋亡信号需要借助凋亡的线粒体途经来放大,而Bid -- 一种仅含有BH3结构域的Bcl-2家族蛋白是将凋亡信号从胱解酶8向线粒体传递的信使。
2.凋亡的执行
尽管凋亡过程的详细机制尚不完全清楚,但是已经确定Caspase即半胱天冬蛋白酶在凋亡过程中是起着必不可少的作用,细胞凋亡的过程实际上是Caspase不可逆有限水解底物的级联放大反应过程,到目前为止,至少已有14种Caspase被发现,Caspase分子间的同源性很高,结构相似,都是半胱氨酸家族蛋白酶,根据功能可把Caspase基本分为二类:一类参与细胞的加工,如Pro-IL-1β和Pro-IL-1δ,形成有活性的IL-1β和IL-1δ;第二类参与细胞凋亡,包括caspase2,3,6,7,8,9.10。Caspase家族一般具有以下特征:
1)C端同源区存在半胱氨酸激活位点,此激活位点结构域为QACR/QG。
2)通常以酶原的形式存在,相对分子质量29000-49000(29-49KD),在受到激活后其内部保守的天冬氨酸残基经水解形成大(P20)小(P10)两个亚单位,并进而形成两两组成的有活性的四聚体,其中,每个P20/P10异二聚体可来源于同一前体分子也可来源于两个不同的前体分子。
3)末端具有一个小的或大的原结构域。
参与诱导凋亡的Caspase分成两大类:启动酶(inititaor)和效应酶(effector)它们分别在死亡信号转导的上游和下游发挥作用。
细胞技术支持iphone:010-58103778
细胞凋亡首先出现的是细胞体积缩小,连接消失,与周围的细胞脱离,然后是细胞质密度增加,线粒体膜电位消失,通透性改变,释放细胞色素C到胞浆,核质浓缩,核膜核仁破碎,DNA降解成为约180bp-200bp片段;胞膜有小泡状形成,膜内侧磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻到膜表面,胞膜结构仍然完整,最终可将凋亡细胞遗骸分割包裹为几个凋亡小体,无内容物外溢,因此不引起周围的炎症反应,凋亡小体可迅速被周围专职或非专职吞噬细胞吞噬。
凋亡虽是自主的但一般有外界因素刺激,致使信号传导,近而控制基因表达
生物性状是外界环境与基因共同决定的
比如,正常的杨树在北方到秋天会落叶,这是细胞凋亡,程序化的。但是,在南方,它不会在秋天凋亡.因此,细胞凋亡受环境影响。
诱因不同:凋亡是受外因,细胞程序性死亡是受内因。
意义不同:凋亡是为了机体健康,意义积极。程序性死亡是顺应基因突变,意义消极。

