Product Specifications:
Item#40001: Recombinant HBV Surface Antigen Ay (E.coli)
Concentration: See vial
Diluent: 10mMNa-PO4, 50mM NaCl, pH 6.8 10% Glycerol
Purity: Approx. 92%
Stabilizer: None
Preservative: None
Storage: -75°C
Physical State: Aqueous Solution
Stability: 24 Months at -75oC.
Applications: Recommended concentrations for use are approximate values. A dose dependent response assay should be performed to determine the optimal concentration for use in specific applications.
ELISA and Western ELISA require 0.1-1.0µg protein depending on the nature and affinity of the secondary detection reagent. Studies with HBV convereted human sera are performed in 1:200 to 1:10,000 antibody dilution range.
Description: Recombinant HBV surface protein Ay expressed in the E.coli Expression system.
Purification: Proprietary. Purity approx. 92% as determined by SDS_PAGE, reduced. MW: 22kD
Specificity: Strongly binds to HBV converted human serum antibodies as determined by ELISA and Western ELISA. Protein is suitable for lateral flow diagnostic assays.
CHO- expressed HIV-1IIIB rgp120 (2.5 μg) and biotinylated cyclic V2-TH023 peptide (1 μg and 5 μg) were incubated with RPMI8866 cells
Glossary
Gene and Gene Products
Structural Proteins: Structural proteins – the products of gag, pol and env genes, which are essential components of the retroviral particle.
Regulatory Proteins: Regulatory proteins – tat and rev proteins of HIV/SIV and tax and rex proteins of HTLVs; essential for viral expression in infected cells.
Accessory Proteins: Accessory proteins – additional (non-regulatory) virion – and non virion-associated proteins produced by HIV/SIV retroviruses: vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef. Although, the accessory proteins are not necessary for viral propagation in tissue culture, they have been conserved in the different isolates; this conservation and experimental observations suggest that their role in vivo is very important.
gag
gag – group-sepecifc antigens or capsid proteins; the precursor is the p55 myristoylated protein, which is processed to p17 (Matrix) p24 (Capsid) and p7 (NucleoCapsid) proteins by the viral protease. Other small proteins are generated from the gag polyprotein.
pol
pol – (p66) generates the viral enzymes protease (p11), reverse transcriptase (p51), endonuclease and integrase (p32) after the processing of a gag-pol precursor polyprotein by the viral protease; gag-pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting.
env
env – viral glycoproteins produced as a precursor (gp160) and processed to the external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The mature proteins are held together by noncovalent interactions; as a result substantial amount of gp120 is released extracellularly. The external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor.
tat
tat – transactivator of HIV gene expression; one of the two necessary viral regulatory factors (tat and rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids, and tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. The electrophoretic mobility of these two forms in SDS gels is anomalous; they are approximately 16 kD and 14 kD in weight. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. tat is localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus; it acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription from the LTR promoter. Post-transcriptional effects of tat have been postulated.
rev
rev – the second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression. A 19 kD phosphoprotein localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the viral mRNAs containing RRE.
vif
vif – viral infectivity factor, typically 23 kD; required for the efficient transmission of cell-free virus in tissue culture. In the absence of vif, the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. It has been reported that the cellular localization is in the Golgi (vif is not found in the virion).
nef
nef – approximately 27 kD non-virion protein found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Potentially myristoylated and associated with the inner plasma membrane. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in the infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins and may be used in the future for diagnosis and staging of the disease. NEF is dispensable and probably suffers counter-selection during ex vivo viral propagation in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that SIV nef is required for viral propagation in vivo.
vpr
vpr – virion-associated protein of unknown function found in HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVmnd; typically 15 kD. May be homologous to vpx. Also called “rap” for rapid.
vpu
vpu – protein that promotes extracellular release of viral particles. Found only in HIV-1. Integral membrane phosphoprotein of 16kd; similar to M2 protein of influenza virus. It may be involved in env maturation. It is not found in the virion.
vpx
vpx – virion protein of 12 kD found only in HIV-2 infection. (vpx may have some homology with vpr).
Related research paper:
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现在急需使用这个机器，补试验，不知道哪位能够提供重庆的Seahorse机器信息。非常感谢！
Seahorse细胞代谢分析
美国海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF（SeahorseXFExtracellularFluxAnalyzers）——2009年全球创新技术产品Top10！
美国海马生物科学利用细胞外流量（ExtracellularFlux，XF）检测专利技术，发明了业界第一款海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF24/96，是进行细胞代谢分析、氧呼吸测定、药物代谢分析、线粒体有氧代谢和糖酵解等功能的最佳分析工具。
美国海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF24通过特殊的细胞培养微孔板设计，在测量时临时形成的约5ul微环境中，利用无创的专利光学传感器同步地实时探测溶解氧（OCR）和pH值变化，从而快速了解细胞内两大能量转换途径（线粒体的有氧代谢和糖酵解）的能量代谢状态。在使用XF24的检测过程中，研究人员可以通过预设程序控制在特定时间向待测细胞的培养基中添加多达四种药物，以便研究不同药物对细胞新陈代谢的影响，理解细胞的生物能量变化，快速解析细胞或组织的基础代谢率、ATP转换、膜的完整性、极限呼吸率、线粒体功能，产生氧自由基及超氧化物等有毒物的情况，省时省力，实验数据更科学，更具有说服力。
2015年7月6日讯/生物谷BIOON/--最近，来自艾默里大学的科学家发现在许多黑色素瘤中存在一个重要基因突变能够使癌细胞的代谢重新连线，使癌细胞的生长依赖于一种参与酮体生成的催化酶，这一发现为解决黑色素瘤细胞对靶向药物的抵抗，开发新的替代药物提供了深入见解，同时也部分解释了为什么这一突变在黑色素瘤细胞中频发。近日，相关研究结果发表在国际学术期刊molecularcell。
B-raf基因发生V600E突变在黑色素瘤细胞中非常常见，这一突变能够促进癌细胞生长，除了在黑色素瘤中存在，在一些结肠癌和甲状腺癌病例中也发现存在B-rafV600E突变。目前已经开发出一些针对B-rafV600E基因突变的靶向药物，但在临床实验中发现，在癌症得到明显改善之后，携带V600E基因突变的癌细胞都不可避免地产生药物抗性。
在这项研究中，研究人员发现B-rafV600E基因突变能够刺激癌细胞产生更多的HMG-CoA裂解酶，携带V600E突变的黑色素瘤细胞生长非常依赖于该酶，而其他的黑色素瘤细胞则不会。HMG-CoA裂解酶是酮体生成途径中一个重要酶，能够帮助机体在血糖水平较低时降解脂肪酸以获得能量。酮体生成途径能够受到低糖，高脂饮食刺激激活，通常发生于肝脏，但B-rafV600E基因突变启动了癌细胞中的酮体生成，以维持癌细胞生长存活。除此之外，研究人员还发现酮体生成途径的重要产物乙酰乙酸能够刺激携带B-rafV600E基因突变的癌细胞继续增殖。
总得来说，这项研究证明B-rafV600E基因突变能够使黑色素瘤细胞中的代谢途径重新连线，增强癌细胞对酮体生成途径的依赖性，这一发现对于解决黑色素瘤细胞对靶向药物的抵抗，开发新的替代药物具有重要意义。（生物谷Bioon.com）
1.有些激素的受体在细胞膜上，这些激素作用于细胞膜后可以改变细胞膜的通透性。
2.有些激素的受体位于细胞核或者细胞质，通过影响基因的表达来影响靶细胞内酶的活性或酶的数量来调节细胞代谢。
比利时研究人员发现了一个在癌症转移中的关键步骤。他们的研究显示，可以通过调节巨噬细胞的代谢来阻止癌细胞扩散，而这种调节的关键在于诱导巨噬细胞从形成癌细胞血管的细胞中"偷取"糖分。造成癌细胞周围血管结构更加紧密，由此阻挡癌细胞向其他器官扩散。
这项研究结果发表在了国际顶尖学术期刊《细胞代谢》（CellMetabolism）上。
巨噬细胞属于白细胞的一种，负责清除入侵机体的微生物和有害物质，是免疫系统的重要组成结构。然而，巨噬细胞在癌症发展中却具有一定的推动作用。肿瘤组织具有一群特异性巨噬细胞，在肿瘤血管的形成中起到决定性的作用。通过这种特异性巨噬细胞的作用，导致肿瘤血管通常结构混乱，癌细胞更容易穿过血管间隙逃逸，进入血液，最终入侵其他器官。
研究人员阻断了巨噬细胞中REDD1基因的表达，刺激细胞的糖酵解作用，使得细胞内更多的糖被转化为能量。"肿瘤的葡萄糖供给对人体会形成危害。具体来说，形成血管的细胞由于葡萄糖供应过剩导致生长失控，最终形成一个混乱且不规则的典型肿瘤血管网络。"文章的作者之一MassimilianoMazzone教授说。
"通过改变巨噬细胞的代谢，我们建立起了巨噬细胞和肿瘤血管之间的葡萄糖竞争。最终，肿瘤血管因为失去了葡萄糖过剩的刺激，在肿瘤周围形成更加架构化的屏障，阻挡肿瘤细胞扩散。"
此外，研究人员还试图将这项研究拓展到其他抗癌药物的应用中。"在小鼠中，能抑制癌细胞生长的药物mTOR抑制剂有时会因为阻断了巨噬细胞的糖酵解作用而加速癌细胞扩散。我们希望能利用我们的研究结果来准确预测那些患者对mTOR抑制剂具有抗性。"MassimilianoMazzone教授说。
productivitybyusingmannoseascarbonsource:Metabolicanalysisand
scale-upsimulation》
2.《Adetailedmetabolic?uxanalysisofanunderdeterminednetworkofCHOcells》
1-s2.0-S0009250911001771-main.pdf(328.24k)
1-s2.0-S016816561001878X-main.pdf(521.01k)
