Product Specifications:
Item#40001: Recombinant HBV Surface Antigen Ay (E.coli)
Concentration: See vial
Diluent: 10mMNa-PO4, 50mM NaCl, pH 6.8 10% Glycerol
Purity: Approx. 92%
Stabilizer: None
Preservative: None
Storage: -75°C
Physical State: Aqueous Solution
Stability: 24 Months at -75oC.
Applications: Recommended concentrations for use are approximate values. A dose dependent response assay should be performed to determine the optimal concentration for use in specific applications.
ELISA and Western ELISA require 0.1-1.0µg protein depending on the nature and affinity of the secondary detection reagent. Studies with HBV convereted human sera are performed in 1:200 to 1:10,000 antibody dilution range.
Description: Recombinant HBV surface protein Ay expressed in the E.coli Expression system.
Purification: Proprietary. Purity approx. 92% as determined by SDS_PAGE, reduced. MW: 22kD
Specificity: Strongly binds to HBV converted human serum antibodies as determined by ELISA and Western ELISA. Protein is suitable for lateral flow diagnostic assays.
CHO- expressed HIV-1IIIB rgp120 (2.5 μg) and biotinylated cyclic V2-TH023 peptide (1 μg and 5 μg) were incubated with RPMI8866 cells
Glossary
Gene and Gene Products
Structural Proteins: Structural proteins – the products of gag, pol and env genes, which are essential components of the retroviral particle.
Regulatory Proteins: Regulatory proteins – tat and rev proteins of HIV/SIV and tax and rex proteins of HTLVs; essential for viral expression in infected cells.
Accessory Proteins: Accessory proteins – additional (non-regulatory) virion – and non virion-associated proteins produced by HIV/SIV retroviruses: vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef. Although, the accessory proteins are not necessary for viral propagation in tissue culture, they have been conserved in the different isolates; this conservation and experimental observations suggest that their role in vivo is very important.
gag
gag – group-sepecifc antigens or capsid proteins; the precursor is the p55 myristoylated protein, which is processed to p17 (Matrix) p24 (Capsid) and p7 (NucleoCapsid) proteins by the viral protease. Other small proteins are generated from the gag polyprotein.
pol
pol – (p66) generates the viral enzymes protease (p11), reverse transcriptase (p51), endonuclease and integrase (p32) after the processing of a gag-pol precursor polyprotein by the viral protease; gag-pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting.
env
env – viral glycoproteins produced as a precursor (gp160) and processed to the external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The mature proteins are held together by noncovalent interactions; as a result substantial amount of gp120 is released extracellularly. The external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor.
tat
tat – transactivator of HIV gene expression; one of the two necessary viral regulatory factors (tat and rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids, and tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. The electrophoretic mobility of these two forms in SDS gels is anomalous; they are approximately 16 kD and 14 kD in weight. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. tat is localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus; it acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription from the LTR promoter. Post-transcriptional effects of tat have been postulated.
rev
rev – the second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression. A 19 kD phosphoprotein localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the viral mRNAs containing RRE.
vif
vif – viral infectivity factor, typically 23 kD; required for the efficient transmission of cell-free virus in tissue culture. In the absence of vif, the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. It has been reported that the cellular localization is in the Golgi (vif is not found in the virion).
nef
nef – approximately 27 kD non-virion protein found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Potentially myristoylated and associated with the inner plasma membrane. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in the infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins and may be used in the future for diagnosis and staging of the disease. NEF is dispensable and probably suffers counter-selection during ex vivo viral propagation in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that SIV nef is required for viral propagation in vivo.
vpr
vpr – virion-associated protein of unknown function found in HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVmnd; typically 15 kD. May be homologous to vpx. Also called “rap” for rapid.
vpu
vpu – protein that promotes extracellular release of viral particles. Found only in HIV-1. Integral membrane phosphoprotein of 16kd; similar to M2 protein of influenza virus. It may be involved in env maturation. It is not found in the virion.
vpx
vpx – virion protein of 12 kD found only in HIV-2 infection. (vpx may have some homology with vpr).
Related research paper:
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不破坏细胞结构，同步动态侦测细胞有氧呼吸，糖酵解OCR/ECA(总或乳酸ECA)；
i.过氧敏感荧光素（或pH敏感荧光素）,Ex340-380/535/Em630-680nm，实时测量线粒体/胞内/胞外重要代谢指标，荧光素为非结构性结合可逆转改变；
ii.可同时或单个测量OCR/ECA或其他参数，不会做成浪费，可采用时间分辨荧光技术可加强系统信噪比
iii.通过两个加药口，可对检测细胞加入适当抑制剂/刺激实时监测细胞对不同毒素作用
缓慢的代谢在许多重要的方面保护了白血病细胞，使得它们能够更好的生存。研究小组还发现了一种针对这一独特代谢状态的实验性药物，并已开始检测它治疗这一疾病的效力。研究人员将相关结果发表在1月17日的《细胞干细胞》（CellStemCell）杂志上。
研究的通讯作者、罗彻斯特大学医学中心癌症中心教授CraigT.Jordan博士正在与一个药物制造商建立合作关系，在这一领域开展进一步的测试。实验室研究中的化合物已被用于临床试验。
Jordan说：“我们认为针对白血病干细胞代谢是一种独特的方法，有潜力广泛应用于几种形式的白血病。我们的研究工作令人感到兴奋，是因为我们鉴别出了一些现正开发用于临床的药物，我们希望其有巨大的潜力，可很快用于改善白血病患者的护理。”
主要研究员、Jordan实验室博士后EleniLagADInou说，当研究小组发现白血病干细胞的代谢与其他的肿瘤细胞如此不同之时，他们集中研究了这一过程的确切作用机制。
他们发现，白血病干细胞是通过一种称作氧化磷酸化的单一过程，在线粒体中生成了它们需要的所有能量。相比之下，其他的癌细胞和正常干细胞还依赖于第二种燃料来源——糖酵解来生成能量。
获得了这一新信息，随后研究人员探索了与氧化磷酸化相关的信号通路，以寻找致命弱点终止这一过程。他们发现一种称作BCL-2的重要基因表达增高，这对于白血病干细胞能量生成至关重要。
研究小组还了解了制药行业处于不同研发阶段的BCL-2抑制药物；Lagadinou和Jordan发现了两种这样的化合物，并在人类白血病样本中对它们进行了测试。研究结果表明，药物倾向性杀死不活跃的、代谢较慢的白血病干细胞。
众所周知，白血病细胞能够长时间休眠，在接受治疗后，可以突然发动另一轮的攻击。
Lagadinou说：“这种治疗有望靶向传统药物相对无法触及的，休眠白血病干细胞亚群。还有重要的一点需要指出，化合物不会损伤正常细胞，因为正常细胞能力利用另一条信号通路来生成能量。”
不会对健康细胞产生毒性，研究人员希望这些药物能够在缓解期靶向这一疾病，此时肃清残余白血病是极其重要的。
白血病，这种血癌可分为四种常见类型：急性髓系白血病（AML）、急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）、慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）和慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）。AML在成人中最常见，且最难治疗，其部分原因是它影响了未成熟细胞。每年近5万新病例被确诊，约一半人死亡。
研究人员发现在过去的十年里，许多治疗并非旨在除去白血病根源——“白血病干细胞”，因此从未真正根除这一疾病。
Jordan说，事实上，即便是最现代的癌症治疗也是假设：所有的癌症代谢都依赖于糖酵解作为燃料来源。新研究发现氧化磷酸化是白血病干细胞的唯一燃料来源，这对提出新的改进治疗具有格外的意义（本文来自生物谷）
更多关于细胞学文章：http://www.hbzhan.com/st100044
希望能帮到你。
A.衰老的细胞新陈代谢速率加快
B.在衰老的细胞内有些酶的活性降低
C.衰老的细胞呼吸速率减慢
D.细胞膜通透性改变，使物质运输功能降低
