
Product Specifications:
Item#40001: Recombinant HBV Surface Antigen Ay (E.coli)
Concentration: See vial
Diluent: 10mMNa-PO4, 50mM NaCl, pH 6.8 10% Glycerol
Purity: Approx. 92%
Stabilizer: None
Preservative: None
Storage: -75°C
Physical State: Aqueous Solution
Stability: 24 Months at -75oC.
Applications: Recommended concentrations for use are approximate values. A dose dependent response assay should be performed to determine the optimal concentration for use in specific applications.
ELISA and Western ELISA require 0.1-1.0µg protein depending on the nature and affinity of the secondary detection reagent. Studies with HBV convereted human sera are performed in 1:200 to 1:10,000 antibody dilution range.
Description: Recombinant HBV surface protein Ay expressed in the E.coli Expression system.
Purification: Proprietary. Purity approx. 92% as determined by SDS_PAGE, reduced. MW: 22kD
Specificity: Strongly binds to HBV converted human serum antibodies as determined by ELISA and Western ELISA. Protein is suitable for lateral flow diagnostic assays.
CHO- expressed HIV-1IIIB rgp120 (2.5 μg) and biotinylated cyclic V2-TH023 peptide (1 μg and 5 μg) were incubated with RPMI8866 cells
Glossary
Gene and Gene Products
Structural Proteins: Structural proteins – the products of gag, pol and env genes, which are essential components of the retroviral particle.
Regulatory Proteins: Regulatory proteins – tat and rev proteins of HIV/SIV and tax and rex proteins of HTLVs; essential for viral expression in infected cells.
Accessory Proteins: Accessory proteins – additional (non-regulatory) virion – and non virion-associated proteins produced by HIV/SIV retroviruses: vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef. Although, the accessory proteins are not necessary for viral propagation in tissue culture, they have been conserved in the different isolates; this conservation and experimental observations suggest that their role in vivo is very important.
gag
gag – group-sepecifc antigens or capsid proteins; the precursor is the p55 myristoylated protein, which is processed to p17 (Matrix) p24 (Capsid) and p7 (NucleoCapsid) proteins by the viral protease. Other small proteins are generated from the gag polyprotein.
pol
pol – (p66) generates the viral enzymes protease (p11), reverse transcriptase (p51), endonuclease and integrase (p32) after the processing of a gag-pol precursor polyprotein by the viral protease; gag-pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting.
env
env – viral glycoproteins produced as a precursor (gp160) and processed to the external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The mature proteins are held together by noncovalent interactions; as a result substantial amount of gp120 is released extracellularly. The external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor.
tat
tat – transactivator of HIV gene expression; one of the two necessary viral regulatory factors (tat and rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids, and tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. The electrophoretic mobility of these two forms in SDS gels is anomalous; they are approximately 16 kD and 14 kD in weight. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. tat is localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus; it acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription from the LTR promoter. Post-transcriptional effects of tat have been postulated.
rev
rev – the second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression. A 19 kD phosphoprotein localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the viral mRNAs containing RRE.
vif
vif – viral infectivity factor, typically 23 kD; required for the efficient transmission of cell-free virus in tissue culture. In the absence of vif, the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. It has been reported that the cellular localization is in the Golgi (vif is not found in the virion).
nef
nef – approximately 27 kD non-virion protein found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Potentially myristoylated and associated with the inner plasma membrane. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in the infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins and may be used in the future for diagnosis and staging of the disease. NEF is dispensable and probably suffers counter-selection during ex vivo viral propagation in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that SIV nef is required for viral propagation in vivo.
vpr
vpr – virion-associated protein of unknown function found in HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVmnd; typically 15 kD. May be homologous to vpx. Also called “rap” for rapid.
vpu
vpu – protein that promotes extracellular release of viral particles. Found only in HIV-1. Integral membrane phosphoprotein of 16kd; similar to M2 protein of influenza virus. It may be involved in env maturation. It is not found in the virion.
vpx
vpx – virion protein of 12 kD found only in HIV-2 infection. (vpx may have some homology with vpr).
Related research paper:
ebiomall.com






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缓慢的代谢在许多重要的方面保护了白血病细胞,使得它们能够更好的生存。研究小组还发现了一种针对这一独特代谢状态的实验性药物,并已开始检测它治疗这一疾病的效力。研究人员将相关结果发表在1月17日的《细胞干细胞》(CellStemCell)杂志上。
研究的通讯作者、罗彻斯特大学医学中心癌症中心教授CraigT.Jordan博士正在与一个药物制造商建立合作关系,在这一领域开展进一步的测试。实验室研究中的化合物已被用于临床试验。
Jordan说:“我们认为针对白血病干细胞代谢是一种独特的方法,有潜力广泛应用于几种形式的白血病。我们的研究工作令人感到兴奋,是因为我们鉴别出了一些现正开发用于临床的药物,我们希望其有巨大的潜力,可很快用于改善白血病患者的护理。”
主要研究员、Jordan实验室博士后EleniLagADInou说,当研究小组发现白血病干细胞的代谢与其他的肿瘤细胞如此不同之时,他们集中研究了这一过程的确切作用机制。
他们发现,白血病干细胞是通过一种称作氧化磷酸化的单一过程,在线粒体中生成了它们需要的所有能量。相比之下,其他的癌细胞和正常干细胞还依赖于第二种燃料来源——糖酵解来生成能量。
获得了这一新信息,随后研究人员探索了与氧化磷酸化相关的信号通路,以寻找致命弱点终止这一过程。他们发现一种称作BCL-2的重要基因表达增高,这对于白血病干细胞能量生成至关重要。
研究小组还了解了制药行业处于不同研发阶段的BCL-2抑制药物;Lagadinou和Jordan发现了两种这样的化合物,并在人类白血病样本中对它们进行了测试。研究结果表明,药物倾向性杀死不活跃的、代谢较慢的白血病干细胞。
众所周知,白血病细胞能够长时间休眠,在接受治疗后,可以突然发动另一轮的攻击。
Lagadinou说:“这种治疗有望靶向传统药物相对无法触及的,休眠白血病干细胞亚群。还有重要的一点需要指出,化合物不会损伤正常细胞,因为正常细胞能力利用另一条信号通路来生成能量。”
不会对健康细胞产生毒性,研究人员希望这些药物能够在缓解期靶向这一疾病,此时肃清残余白血病是极其重要的。
白血病,这种血癌可分为四种常见类型:急性髓系白血病(AML)、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)和慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)。AML在成人中最常见,且最难治疗,其部分原因是它影响了未成熟细胞。每年近5万新病例被确诊,约一半人死亡。
研究人员发现在过去的十年里,许多治疗并非旨在除去白血病根源——“白血病干细胞”,因此从未真正根除这一疾病。
Jordan说,事实上,即便是最现代的癌症治疗也是假设:所有的癌症代谢都依赖于糖酵解作为燃料来源。新研究发现氧化磷酸化是白血病干细胞的唯一燃料来源,这对提出新的改进治疗具有格外的意义(本文来自生物谷)
更多关于细胞学文章:http://www.hbzhan.com/st100044
productivitybyusingmannoseascarbonsource:Metabolicanalysisand
scale-upsimulation》
2.《Adetailedmetabolic?uxanalysisofanunderdeterminednetworkofCHOcells》
1-s2.0-S0009250911001771-main.pdf(328.24k)
1-s2.0-S016816561001878X-main.pdf(521.01k)
2015年7月6日讯/生物谷BIOON/--最近,来自艾默里大学的科学家发现在许多黑色素瘤中存在一个重要基因突变能够使癌细胞的代谢重新连线,使癌细胞的生长依赖于一种参与酮体生成的催化酶,这一发现为解决黑色素瘤细胞对靶向药物的抵抗,开发新的替代药物提供了深入见解,同时也部分解释了为什么这一突变在黑色素瘤细胞中频发。近日,相关研究结果发表在国际学术期刊molecularcell。
B-raf基因发生V600E突变在黑色素瘤细胞中非常常见,这一突变能够促进癌细胞生长,除了在黑色素瘤中存在,在一些结肠癌和甲状腺癌病例中也发现存在B-rafV600E突变。目前已经开发出一些针对B-rafV600E基因突变的靶向药物,但在临床实验中发现,在癌症得到明显改善之后,携带V600E基因突变的癌细胞都不可避免地产生药物抗性。
在这项研究中,研究人员发现B-rafV600E基因突变能够刺激癌细胞产生更多的HMG-CoA裂解酶,携带V600E突变的黑色素瘤细胞生长非常依赖于该酶,而其他的黑色素瘤细胞则不会。HMG-CoA裂解酶是酮体生成途径中一个重要酶,能够帮助机体在血糖水平较低时降解脂肪酸以获得能量。酮体生成途径能够受到低糖,高脂饮食刺激激活,通常发生于肝脏,但B-rafV600E基因突变启动了癌细胞中的酮体生成,以维持癌细胞生长存活。除此之外,研究人员还发现酮体生成途径的重要产物乙酰乙酸能够刺激携带B-rafV600E基因突变的癌细胞继续增殖。
总得来说,这项研究证明B-rafV600E基因突变能够使黑色素瘤细胞中的代谢途径重新连线,增强癌细胞对酮体生成途径的依赖性,这一发现对于解决黑色素瘤细胞对靶向药物的抵抗,开发新的替代药物具有重要意义。(生物谷Bioon.com)
步骤/方法
将双手放于下巴处,用手指的指腹分别以转圈的方式向耳部方向按摩,并在耳部下方轻轻按压。反复按摩并持续2分钟。由于淋巴是毒素排出的重要渠道,反复按摩此处.有助于琳巴疏通,使毒素顺利排出
双手从下巴处以画圈的方式向嘴角按摩,并在嘴角处轻轻按揉,反复按摩并持续2分钟。下巴常常会堆积很多的毒素,也是比较容易生出粉刺和痘痘的地方。经常对下巴进行按摩可以有助于毒素的排出
.双手无名指指腹放在眼角部位沿着鼻子两侧轻轻从上住下按摩,反复按摩并持续2分钟,此动作可以促进鼻子子部位的血液循环,有助于顺利排出毒素
手指并拢,将双手指腹放在眼睛下方,慢慢向两耳处轻轻按摩,然后再从鼻子中间两侧的脸颊处向耳朵方向轻轻按摩,反复按摩3分钟。此按摩可以加速脸部的血液循环,促进脸部细胞的活化,有助于排除毒素
将双手分别放于嘴角处,然后以画圈的方式向着耳朵的方向轻轻按揉。由于嘴角到耳朵的沿线分布普很多的穴位,经常按摩可以促进细胞的新陈代谢,排出毒素,还可以减缓衰老
用液氮淬灭是怎么淬灭法?
具体应该怎么操作?
请不吝赐教!!谢谢各位大大!!
现在急需使用这个机器,补试验,不知道哪位能够提供重庆的Seahorse机器信息。非常感谢!
Seahorse细胞代谢分析
美国海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF(SeahorseXFExtracellularFluxAnalyzers)——2009年全球创新技术产品Top10!
美国海马生物科学利用细胞外流量(ExtracellularFlux,XF)检测专利技术,发明了业界第一款海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF24/96,是进行细胞代谢分析、氧呼吸测定、药物代谢分析、线粒体有氧代谢和糖酵解等功能的最佳分析工具。
美国海马细胞能量代谢实时测定仪/生物能量代谢测定仪XF24通过特殊的细胞培养微孔板设计,在测量时临时形成的约5ul微环境中,利用无创的专利光学传感器同步地实时探测溶解氧(OCR)和pH值变化,从而快速了解细胞内两大能量转换途径(线粒体的有氧代谢和糖酵解)的能量代谢状态。在使用XF24的检测过程中,研究人员可以通过预设程序控制在特定时间向待测细胞的培养基中添加多达四种药物,以便研究不同药物对细胞新陈代谢的影响,理解细胞的生物能量变化,快速解析细胞或组织的基础代谢率、ATP转换、膜的完整性、极限呼吸率、线粒体功能,产生氧自由基及超氧化物等有毒物的情况,省时省力,实验数据更科学,更具有说服力。
酶的作用是催化剂,促进或抑制反应的进行.加热主要是通过升高温度加快反应速率,无机催化剂和酶的原理相同,都是通过降低反应的活化能加快反应速率
细胞质中有各种细胞器,细胞内的化学反应大多都是在细胞质中进行,因此是代谢中心.
细胞核中有DNA,是遗传信息库,是细胞代谢和遗传的控制中心.

