- SynonymGM-CSF,CSF2,MGC131935
- SourceActiveMax® Human GM-CSF, Tag Free (GMF-H4214) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Ala 18 - Glu 144 (Accession # NP_000749.2).Predicted N-terminus: Ala 18Request for sequence
- Molecular Characterization
This protein carries no "tag".
The protein has a calculated MW of 14.5 kDa. The protein migrates as 18-26 kDa under reducing (R) condition (SDS-PAGE) due to glycosylation.
- EndotoxinLess than 0.1 EU per μg by the LAL method.
- Purity
>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
- Formulation
Lyophilized from 0.22 μm filtered solution in PBS, pH7.4. Normally trehalose is added as protectant before lyophilization.
Contact us for customized product form or formulation.
- Reconstitution
Please see Certificate of Analysis for specific instructions.
For best performance, we strongly recommend you to follow the reconstitution protocol provided in the CoA.
- Storage
For long term storage, the product should be stored at lyophilized state at -20°C or lower.
Please avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
This product is stable after storage at:
-20°C to -70°C for 12 months in lyophilized state;
-70°C for 3 months under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
ActiveMax® Human GM-CSF, Tag Free on SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) condition. The gel was stained overnight with Coomassie Blue. The purity of the protein is greater than 95%.
Loaded Human GM-CSF R alpha, Fc Tag (Cat. No. GRA-H5255) on Protein A Biosensor, can bind ActiveMax® Human GM-CSF, Tag Free (Cat. No. GMF-H4214) with an affinity constant of 9.21 nM as determined in BLI assay (ForteBio Octet Red96e) (Routinely tested).
The bio-activity was determined by dose-dependent stimulation of the proliferation of TF-1 cells. The ED50 < 0.1 ng/mL, corresponding to a specific activity of > 1x107 Unit/mg.
- Citations
Linoleic acid inhibits in vitro function of human and murine dendritic cells, CD4+T cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Authors: Huang X, Yi S, Hu J, et al.
Journal: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020
Application: Cell culture
Request for Full-text
Disabled-2 (DAB2) Overexpression Inhibits Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells' Function in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
Authors: Yi, S., et al.
Journal: Immunology and Microbiology 43325
Application: Cell Culture
Request for Full-text
Decreased expression of A20 is associated with ocular Behcet's disease (BD) but not with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease
Authors: He Y, et al.
Journal: Br J Ophthalmol 2018
Application: Cell Culture
Request for Full-text
- BackgroundGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is also known as Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage), is a cytokine initially characterized by its ability to induce colonies of granulocytes and macrophages from myeloid progenitor cells, and is secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exitthe circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. Human GM-CSF glycosylated in its mature form. As a part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, GM-CSF promotes Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity, and thus worthy of consideration for therapeutic target. GM-CSF has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The preliminary results have been promising. GM-CSF is also used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy.
- References
(1)Volmar, C.H. et al., 2008, Cytokine. 42(3): 336-344.
(2)Breitbach CJ, et al., 2010, Nature 477 (7362): 99–102.
(3)Korzenik J, et al., 2005, N Engl J Med 352 (21): 2193–201.
Please contact us via TechSupport@acrobiosystems.com if you have any question on this product.
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神经胶质细胞（neuroglia cell）简称神经胶质（neuroglia ）,广泛分布于中枢和周围神经系统.普通染色只能显示胞核,用特殊银染方法才能显示神经胶质细胞整体形态.神经胶质细胞一般较神经细胞小,突起多而不规则,数量约为神经细胞的十倍.多分布在神经元胞体、突起以及中枢神经毛细血管的周围.神经胶质细胞具有支持.一营养、保护、髓鞘形成及绝缘,并有分裂增殖与再生修复等多种作用.
（－）中枢神经系统的神经胶质细胞
1．星形胶质细胞（astrocyte）是胶质细胞中最大的一种,胞体呈星形,核大呈圆形或椭圆形,染色较浅.胞质内有交织走行的神经胶质丝（neuroglial filament）.由胞体伸出许多呈放射状走行的突起,部分突起末端膨大形成脚板（end foot）,附着在毛细血管基膜上,或伸到脑和脊髓的表面形成胶质界膜（gliolimitan）.星形胶质细胞约占全部胶质细胞的20％.星形
胶质细胞依其分布及结构又可分为两种.
（1）原浆性星形胶质细胞（protoplasmie astrocyte）:分布于中枢神经系统的灰质内,位于神经细胞体及其突起的周围.原浆性星形胶质细胞的突起不规则,分支多而短曲,表面不光滑.胞质内的神经胶质丝少.
（2）纤维性星形胶质细胞（fibrous astrocyte）:分布于白质内,位于神经纤维之间.其突起呈放射状,细长而直,分支少,表面光滑.胞质内有许多交织排列的原纤维,其超微结构是一种中间丝,称神经胶质丝,其内含有胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP）,用免疫细胞化学染色技术能特异性地显示出这类细胞.
星形胶质细胞含有高浓度的K+,并能摄取某些神经递质（如γ-氨基丁酸）.它通过调节细胞间隙的K+和神经递质浓度,来影响神经元的功能活动.因此,星形胶质细胞对维持神经细胞微环境的稳定和调节代谢过程起重要作用.当中枢神经系统损伤时,星形胶质细胞迅速分裂增殖,以形成胶质瘢痕形式进行修复.
有几个疑问
1：荧光标记到细胞是标记到细胞表面还是细胞质内？
2：荧光应该随着细胞的分化和增殖逐渐消失？是不是分化增殖越快，荧光消失速度越快？
3：有哪些容易操作，成本便宜的荧光物质？
谢谢各位战友
第一批用于细胞生物学的荧光蛋白包括藻胆蛋白（phycobiliproteins）和从蓝藻（cyanobacteria）中提取的触角光合色素（photosynthetic antenna pigments）。这些生物大分子都含有多种胆汁三烯生色基团（bilin chromophores）。这些生色基团都包裹在一种基质结构中，这样就能将它们的淬灭作用降至最小，因此这些藻胆蛋白的荧光亮度要比小分子荧光染料的亮度高出两个数量级。不过这些藻胆蛋白的“个头（分子量高达200KD）”也限制了它们在细胞内的扩散，因此，它们也只能与抗体联用，在流式细胞术试验或ELISA试验中用来检测细胞表面的蛋白质分子。
自从科学家从维多利亚发光水母（jellyfish Aequorea victoria）中发现了绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）之后，生物成像领域就发生了革命性的改变。单独表达绿色荧光蛋白或与其它蛋白融合表达就可以在细胞内发出绿色荧光了，使用这种方法除了需要氧气O2之外，不再需要任何其它的试剂参与，因为生色基团是通过自发环化作用形成的，需要对深埋在直径约2.4纳米至4纳米的β桶（beta barrel）核心里的三个氨基酸（丝氨酸-酪氨酸-氨基乙酸）进行氧化才能发出荧光。绿色荧光蛋白只是荧光蛋白大家族中的一员，这些荧光蛋白大部分都来自海洋腔肠动物，因为各自含有共价结构不同以及非共价环境不同的生色基团，所以可以发出不同颜色的荧光。在实验室中对这些荧光蛋白进行遗传修饰之后可以进一步的丰富它们的特性，比如增加亮度和折叠效率、减少寡聚体形成等。突变既可以增加荧光蛋白的光稳定性，还可以赋予荧光蛋白光操控性，比如控制荧光发射与否，或者发出哪种荧光。这种光操控性既可以是可逆的也可以是不可逆的，可以用于监测蛋白的弥散过程、运输过程和老化过程等。虽然荧光蛋白在生色基团形成的过程中会生成H2O2，但似乎没有产生太多的活性氧簇（ROS），这一点也并不奇怪，因为荧光蛋白在进化过程中都是暴露在阳光下的。不过我们也可以对荧光蛋白进行改造使其能够形成ROS。荧光蛋白发出的荧光一般对它们所处的生化环境都不太敏感，但是酸性环境或变性剂的存在可以淬灭荧光。不过现在我们已经有了经过改造的、能耐受酸性环境或者能对金属离子、卤化物离子和巯基二硫化物氧化还原剂起反应的荧光蛋白。展开
是这个文献nanomedicine 2009；5:73-82
Karmali写的
CD11C：树突细胞，单核细胞，巨噬细胞，中性粒细胞
