Overview:
Activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, also designated CRE-BP1, is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein family of transcription factors. ATF2 has two unique characteristics: it mediates the adenovirus E1A-induced trans-activation and forms a heterodimer with c-Jun (1). ATF2 is a target of the JNK signal transduction pathway (2). ATF2 is phosphorylated by JNK on two closely spaced threonine residues within the NH2-terminal activation domain. The replacement of these phosphorylation sites with alanine inhibited the transcriptional activity of ATF2. Furthermore, p38 MAPK can also phosphorylate ATF2.
Gene Aliases:
HB16; CREB2; TREB7; CRE-BP1; MGC111558
Genbank Number:
NM_001880
References:
1.Nomura, N. et al: Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1.J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 25;268(6):4259-66.2.Gupta, S. et al: Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway.Science. 1995 Jan 20;267(5196):389-93.
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所以一个细菌或病毒可以有很多的抗原。
若已进入细胞内。则先由巨噬细胞吞噬降解。并形成抗原-MHC复合体传送到表面。被辅助性T淋巴细胞识别和效应T淋巴细胞识别后。效应T淋巴细胞被激活。分解靶细胞。然后再由效应B细胞分泌的抗体进一步消灭病毒。
还有不清楚的么?
荚膜(capsule)是某些细菌在生长繁殖过程中分泌的一层黏液性物质,包围在细胞壁外,通常这种黏液层厚度小于0.2μm,成分是多糖或多肽,只有在营养丰富时或在动物体内,细菌才产生这种半抗原性质的黏液性物质。它具有保护菌体免受巨噬细胞等的捕捉和吞噬,因而具有抗吞噬抗消化、侵袭力强、与致病性关系密切等特点。像肺炎球菌、炭疽杆菌等都有这类荚膜。有些细菌的荚膜层较薄,小于0.2μm,称为微荚。
像链球菌的M蛋白、伤寒杆菌的Vi抗原、大肠杆菌的K抗原等都属于这类微荚膜。
请赐教!

