
Overview:
HTRA1 is a serine protease. HTRA1 targets a variety of proteins (1 & 2), including fibronectin (induce synovial cells to up-regulate MMP1 and MMP3 production), proteoglycans (release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes that promote the range and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular space), IGF-binding proteins (regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factors) and TSC2 (leads to the activation of TSC2 downstream targets). HTRA1 relates to age-related macular degeneration, a multifactorial eye disease and the most common cause of irreversible vision loss (3).
Gene Aliases:
ARMD7; CARASIL; HtrA; L56; ORF480; PRSS11
Genbank Number:
NM_002775
References:
1. Hu S.I.et.al: Human HtrA, an evolutionarily conserved serine protease identified as a differentially expressed gene product in osteoarthritic cartilage. J. Biol. Chem. 273:34406-34412 (1998).2. Grau S.et.al: The role of human HtrA1 in arthritic disease. J. Biol. Chem. 281:6124-6129 (2006).3. Yang, Z. et.al: A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Science 314: 992-993, 2006.
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若已进入细胞内。则先由巨噬细胞吞噬降解。并形成抗原-MHC复合体传送到表面。被辅助性T淋巴细胞识别和效应T淋巴细胞识别后。效应T淋巴细胞被激活。分解靶细胞。然后再由效应B细胞分泌的抗体进一步消灭病毒。
还有不清楚的么?
所以一个细菌或病毒可以有很多的抗原。
荚膜(capsule)是某些细菌在生长繁殖过程中分泌的一层黏液性物质,包围在细胞壁外,通常这种黏液层厚度小于0.2μm,成分是多糖或多肽,只有在营养丰富时或在动物体内,细菌才产生这种半抗原性质的黏液性物质。它具有保护菌体免受巨噬细胞等的捕捉和吞噬,因而具有抗吞噬抗消化、侵袭力强、与致病性关系密切等特点。像肺炎球菌、炭疽杆菌等都有这类荚膜。有些细菌的荚膜层较薄,小于0.2μm,称为微荚。
像链球菌的M蛋白、伤寒杆菌的Vi抗原、大肠杆菌的K抗原等都属于这类微荚膜。
颗粒型抗原,除了有细菌、红细胞、螺旋体等天然颗粒型抗原,还有吸附有可溶性抗原的非免疫相关颗粒.
颗粒性抗原光镜下可见,比如细菌性抗原、红细胞抗原等;而可溶性抗原在光镜下不可见,如组织浸出液、细菌毒素、蛋白质分子等。
它们不等同于完全抗原和不完全抗原。完全抗原具有免疫原性和抗原性,而不完全抗原只具有抗原性。完全抗原可以是颗粒性抗原,亦可是可溶性抗原,而不完全抗原一般只能是可溶性抗原,不会是颗粒性抗原。
请赐教!

