EM Images: Negative staining electron microscopy of MAYV virus-like particles (VLPs).

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MAYARO VIRUS VLP
At The Native Antigen Company we have prepared recombinant Mayaro Virus VLP utilising our proprietary mammalian cell expression system. These particles contain Capsid and E1 and E2 envelope proteins. They will find application for researchers and assay developers who are looking to develop assays to distinguish Mayaro virus infection from Chikugunya virus.
PRODUCT DETAILS – MAYARO VIRUS LYSATE (TRVL4675 STRAIN)
- Recombinant Mayaro virus-like particle (strain Acre27) comprising E1, E2 and Capsid proteins (NCBI Accession Numbers: AJA37502.1, KM400591.1), expressed from HEK293 cells.
- Includes a mouse Fc-tag and is buffered in DPBS, pH7.4.
- Suitable for use in immunoassay development.
BACKGROUND
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Alphavirus, a member of the Togaviridae family of viruses. It is a member of the Semliki Forest antigenic sero-complex, a serological group within the Alphavirus genus, and is closely related to Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Esposito, D.L.A).
Infection with Mayaro virus causes an acute, self-limited dengue-like illness of 3–5 days duration, characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, rash, prominent pain in the large joints, and association with rheumatic disease. MAYV is recognised as an emerging virus with the potential to cause a major epidemic in Central and South American countries. Currently, there is no licensed prophylactic vaccine or specific treatment for MAYV fever. Prevention of MAYV is through vector control measures to reduce transmission of the virus. Given the geographical distribution of MAYV and the similarity of the symptoms of Mayaro fever to infections caused by other arboviruses such Dengue fever, Chikungunya and Zika virus, it is considered important to be able to differentiate diagnostically between these arboviral diseases (CDC). Diagnosis of MAYV infection may be achieved by serological testing for MAYV specific IgM antibodies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA). However, cross reactivity with related viruses can reduce assay sensitivity and prevent accurate diagnosis (Figueiredo, ML).
REFERENCES
- Esposito DLA and Fonseca BALD (2017). Will Mayaro virus be responsible for the next outbreak of an arthropod-borne virus in Brazil? Braz J Infect Dis.21(5):540-544
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Emerging infectious diseases. Brunini, S et al (2017). High Frequency of Mayaro Virus IgM among Febrile Patients, Central Brazil. Research Letter. Volume 23, Number 6—June
Certificate of analysisSafety Datasheet
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所以一个细菌或病毒可以有很多的抗原。
荚膜是某些细菌在细胞壁外包围的一层粘液性物质,一般由糖和多肽组成,是细菌的一种特殊结构。
作用:
①抗吞噬作用:荚膜因其亲水性及其空间占位、屏障作用,可有效抵抗寄主吞噬细胞的吞噬作用。
②黏附作用:荚膜多糖可使细菌彼此间粘连,也可黏附于组织细胞或无生命物体表面,是引起感染的重要因素,具有荚膜的S-型肺炎链球菌毒力强,有助于肺炎链球菌侵染人体;废水生物处理中的细菌荚膜有生物吸附作用,将废水中的有机物、无机物及胶体吸附在细菌体表面上。
③抗有害物质的损伤作用:处于细菌细胞最外层,荚膜犹如盔甲可有效保护菌体免受或少受多种杀菌、抑菌物质的损伤,如溶菌酶、补体等。
④抗干燥作用:荚膜多糖为高度水合分子,含水量在95%以上,可帮助细菌抵抗干燥对生存的威胁。
⑤当缺乏营养时,荚膜可被利用作碳源和能源,有的荚膜还可作氮源。
颗粒型抗原,除了有细菌、红细胞、螺旋体等天然颗粒型抗原,还有吸附有可溶性抗原的非免疫相关颗粒.
颗粒性抗原光镜下可见,比如细菌性抗原、红细胞抗原等;而可溶性抗原在光镜下不可见,如组织浸出液、细菌毒素、蛋白质分子等。
它们不等同于完全抗原和不完全抗原。完全抗原具有免疫原性和抗原性,而不完全抗原只具有抗原性。完全抗原可以是颗粒性抗原,亦可是可溶性抗原,而不完全抗原一般只能是可溶性抗原,不会是颗粒性抗原。
若已进入细胞内。则先由巨噬细胞吞噬降解。并形成抗原-MHC复合体传送到表面。被辅助性T淋巴细胞识别和效应T淋巴细胞识别后。效应T淋巴细胞被激活。分解靶细胞。然后再由效应B细胞分泌的抗体进一步消灭病毒。
还有不清楚的么?