Recombinant Human Ubiquitin-13C 15N Protein, CF Summary
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins.Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration.The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard.In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
U-700
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a solution in deionized water. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 10 mg/mL in an aqueous solution. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Reconstitution Calculator
Background: Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid (aa) protein that is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitin is highly conserved with 96% aa sequence identity shared between human and yeast Ubiquitin, and 100% aa sequence identity shared between human and mouse Ubiquitin (1). In mammals, four Ubiquitin genes encode for two Ubiquitin-ribosomal fusion proteins and two poly-Ubiquitin proteins. Cleavage of the Ubiquitin precursors by deubiquitinating enzymes gives rise to identical Ubiquitin monomers each with a predicted molecular weight of 8.6 kDa. Conjugation of Ubiquitin to target proteins involves the formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine residue of Ubiquitin and a lysine residue in the target protein. This process of conjugation, referred to as ubiquitination or ubiquitylation, is a multi-step process that requires three enzymes: a Ubiquitin-activating (E1) enzyme, a Ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme, and a Ubiquitin ligase (E3). Ubiquitination is classically recognized as a mechanism to target proteins for degradation and as a result, Ubiquitin was originally named ATP-dependent Proteolysis Factor 1 (APF-1) (2,3). In addition to protein degradation, ubiquitination has been shown to mediate a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction, endocytosis, and post-endocytic sorting (4-7).
Isotopically labeled Ubiquitin is useful in determining total cellular concentrations of Ubiquitin, or determining the ratio of free Ubiquitin to poly-Ubiquitin chains using the protein standard absolute quantification (PSAQ) or related methods. Highly purified 13C/15N labeled Ubiquitin processed for the quantitative removal of glycine and buffer salts which can interfere with chemical and in vitro reactions.
- Sharp, P.M. & W.-H. Li. (1987) Trends Ecol. Evol. 2:328.
- Ciechanover, A. et al. (1980 ) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1365.
- Hershko, A. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1783.
- Greene, W. et al. (2012) PLoS Pathog. 8:e1002703.
- Tong, X. et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:25280.
- Wei, W. et al. (2004) Nature 428:194.
- Wertz, I.E. et al. (2004) Nature 430:694.
FAQs
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View all Proteins and Enzyme FAQsReconstitution Buffers
Reconstitution Buffer 1 (PBS)
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培养一段时间后（一般小于一个细胞周期），固定细胞。根据所使用模拟核苷酸的不同，使用不同的方法。EdU，改变缓冲液的pH值，就会发出荧光。而BrdU则需用荧光抗体识别，需要对细胞膜和核膜进行通透处理。
再加入PI对DNA染色。
在二维坐标图上，横坐标设为线性PI荧光强度，纵坐标设为模拟核苷酸的荧光强度（log）。
典型的图就像下面一样：
G1, G2 和S期就按照图中的划分来做。G1期的细胞没有新合成DNA，所以BrdU信号是阴性，而PI的信号位于1倍体期。S期是正在合成DNA，所以BrdU都是阳性。G2期是已经合成好了2倍的DNA，所以位于2倍体期，信号是G1期的一倍。这个图中，G1 PI信号是300， G2就是600.
流式细胞仪（Flow cytometry ）是对细胞进行自动分析和分选的装置。它可以快速测量、存贮、显示悬浮在液体中的分散细胞的一系列重要的生物物理、生物化学方面的特征参量，并可以根据预选的参量范围把指定的细胞亚群从中分选出来。多数流式细胞计是一种零分辨率的仪器，它只能测量一个细胞的诸如总核酸量，总蛋白量等指标，而不能鉴别和测出某一特定部位的核酸或蛋白的多少。也就是说，它的细节 分辨率为零。
染色的各种染料，标记好的荧光抗体染色所需要的缓冲液，封闭液，PBS最终由于上样的缓冲液
不过还要考虑很多因素：标记的方法会不会影响细胞下面的培养细胞是否能够耐受长时间接触房间中的氧气和二氧化碳的浓度机器的无菌情况
（溶血）：红细胞，血红蛋白分解，红细胞溶解逃逸所述，称为溶血。通过各种物理和化学因素和毒素。在体外，如低渗溶液中，强烈的机械振荡，突然冷冻（-20℃-25℃）或突然化冻，过酸或过碱，以及乙醇，乙醚，皂碱，胆碱盐可引起溶血。人血浆的等渗溶液为0.9％NaCl溶液，红细胞在低于0.45％的NaCl溶液中，由于水的渗透，肿胀和红细胞破裂，血红蛋白逸出。在体内，溶血溶血性细菌侵入或某些毒素的抗原 - 抗体反应（如输入配血不合的血液），各种机械性损伤，红细胞内在（膜，酶）引起某些药物的缺陷。溶血性细菌，如某些溶血性链球菌和产气荚膜梭菌可导致败血症。的红血细胞和某些溶血性毒液含酶卵磷脂，卵磷脂血浆或红细胞成溶血卵磷脂，使红细胞膜分解疟原虫破坏。
比较常用的是用计数微球。比如临床上的CD4细胞绝对计数，就是采用这个方法。试管内事先已经有固定数目的计数微球和染色抗体。按要求加入固定体积的抗凝血液，裂解红细胞后上机。记录一千个微球，同时就会得到不同染色区域细胞的数量。这样就可以算出单位体积血液内CD4细胞的绝对数目了。
这样的计数微球也可以另外购买。浓度是固定的。在你已知体积的细胞悬液中加入一定体积的微球后上机，记录一千个微球的数据，细胞的计数也会同时记录。根据微球的浓度就可以推算出细胞的浓度，从而得出绝对计数了
另外一个方法是有些流式细胞仪是使用微泵加样，而不是连续吸取样本，这样样本的体积是已知的，记录一次就是所有样本的数量，可以算出细胞浓度
