CD137,amemberofthetumornecrosisfactorreceptorsuperfamily,representsapromisingtargetforenhancingantitumorimmuneresponses(1).ThefunctionsofCD137inTlymphocytesincluderegulatingactivation,proliferationandapoptosis(2).CD137helpsregulatetheactivationofmanyimmunecells,includingCD4(+)Tcells,CD8(+)Tcells,dendriticcells,andnaturalkillercells.Recentstudiesindicatethattheantitumorefficacyoftherapeutictumor-targetingantibodiescanbeaugmentedbytheadditionofagoNISTicantibodiestargetingCD137.AsligationofCD137providesacostimulatorysignalinmultipleimmunecellsubsets,CD137antibodyhaspotentialtoimprovecancertreatment,andhasbeenimplicatedinbreastcancer,melanomaandlymphoma(3-5).Therefore,CD137agonistsrepresentapromisingimmunotherapeuticapproachtotreatingcancers.
| Format | Concentrate,Predilute |
|---|---|
| Volume | 0.1ml,0.5ml,6.0ml |
| Source | MouseMonoclonal |
| ByLetter | C |
| Antigen | Ectodomainofhuman4-1BBrecombinantprotein |
| Clone | BBK-2 |
| IntendedUse | IVD |
| Isotype | IgG1/kappa |
| Localization | Cellsurface |
| PositiveControl | SmallintestinewithPeyer’spatches,tonsil |
| SpeciesReactivity | Human;othersnottested |
References:
1.YonezawaA,etal.Boostingcancerimmunotherapywithanti-CD137antibodytherapy.ClinCancerRes.2015Jul15;21(14):3113-20.
2.HurtadoJC,etal.Potentialroleof4-1BBinTcellactivation.ComparisonwiththecostimulatorymoleculeCD28.JImmunol.1995Oct1;155(7):3360-7.
3.MartinetO,etal.Tcellactivationwithsystemicagonisticantibodyversuslocal4-1BBligandgenedeliverycombinedwithinterleukin-12erADIcatelivermetastasesofbreastcancer.GeneTher.2002Jun;9(12):786-92.
4.LiSY,LiuY.ImmunotherapyofmelanomawiththeimmunecostimulatorymonoclonalantibodiestargetingCD137.ClinPharmacol.2013Sep2;5(Suppl1):47-53.
5.ZhaoS,etal.CD137ligandisexpressedinprimaryandsecondarylymphoidfolliclesandinB-celllymphomas:diagnosticandtherapeuticimplications.AmJSurgPathol.2013Feb;37(2):250-8.
6.CenterforDiseaseControlManual.Guide:SafetyManagement,NO.CDC-22,Atlanta,GA.April30,1976“DecontaminationofLaboratorySinkDrainstoRemoveAzideSalts.”
7.ClinicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute(CLSI).ProtectionofLaboratoryWorkersfromOccupationallyAcquiredInfections;ApprovedGuideline-FourthEditionCLSIdocumentM29-A4Wayne,PA2014.
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(一)脂肪:即甘油三脂或称之为脂酰甘油(triacylglycerol),它是由1分子甘油与3个分子脂肪酸通过酯键相结合而成。人体内脂肪酸种类很多,生成甘油三脂时可有不同的排列组合,因此,甘油三脂具有多种形式。贮存能量和供给能量是脂肪最重要的生理功能。1克脂肪在体内完全氧化时可释放出38kJ(9.3kcal),比1克糖原或蛋白质所放出的能量多两倍以上。脂肪组织是体内专门用于贮存脂肪的组织,当机体需要时,脂肪组织中贮存在脂肪可动员出来分解供给机体能量。此外,脂肪组织还可起到保持体温,保护内脏器官的作用。
(二)类脂:包括磷脂(phospholipids),糖脂(glycolipid)和胆固醇及其酯(cholesterol and cholesterol ester)三大类。磷脂是含有磷酸的脂类,包括由甘油构成的甘油磷脂(phosphoglycerides)和由鞘氨醇构成的鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin)。糖脂是含有糖基的脂类。这三大类类脂是生物膜的主要组成成分,构成疏水性的“屏障”(barrier),分隔细胞水溶性成分和细胞器,维持细胞正常结构与功能。此外,胆固醇还是脂肪酸盐和维生素D3以及类固醇激素合成的原料,对于调节机体脂类物质的吸收,尤其是脂溶性维生素(A,D,E,K)的吸收以及钙磷代谢等均起着重要作用。
脂质(Lipids)又称脂类,是脂肪及类脂的总称.这是一类不溶于水而易溶于脂肪溶剂(醇、醚、氯仿、苯)等非极性有机溶剂。并能为机体利用的重要有机化合物。脂质包括的范围广泛,其分类方法亦有多种。通常根据脂质的主要组成成分分为:简单脂质、复合脂质、衍生脂质、不皂化脂类。
基本介绍
不溶于水而能被乙醚、氯仿、苯等非极性有机溶剂抽提出的化合物,统称脂类。
脂类包括油脂(甘油三酯)和类脂(磷脂、蜡、萜类、甾类)。
脂类是机体内的一类有机小分子物质,它包括范围很广,其化学结构有很大差异,生理功能各不相同,其共同物理性质是不溶于水而溶于有机溶剂,在水中可相互聚集形成内部疏水的聚集体(如右图)。
脂类是油、脂肪、类脂的总称。食物中的油脂主要是油和脂肪,一般把常温下是液体的称作油,而把常温下是固体的称作脂肪.
固醇(sterol) 又称甾醇。类固醇的一种。固醇类化合物广泛分布于生物界。用碱性溶液提取动植物组织中的脂类,其中常有多少不等的、不能为碱所皂化的物质,它们均以环戊烷多氢菲为基本结构,并含有醇基,故称为固醇类化合物。胆固醇是高等动物细胞的重要组分。它与长链脂肪酸形成的胆固醇酯是血浆脂蛋白及细胞膜的重要组分。植物细胞膜则含有其它固醇如豆固醇及谷固醇。真菌和酵母则含有菌固醇。胆固醇是动物组织中其它固醇类化合物如胆汁醇、性激素、肾上腺皮质激素、维生素D3等的前体。
脂类,由脂肪酸和醇作用生成的酯及其衍生物统称为脂类,这是一类一般不溶于水而溶于脂溶性溶剂的化合物。
脂肪:存在于人体和动物的皮下组织及植物体中,是生物体的组成部分和储能物质。
脂类所指代的一类物质较脂肪更广。而酯类则是从化学角度来看物质世界,有不少是化工原料。有些酯类是脂肪的构成成分。
如上所述,脂类包括脂肪酸(多是4碳以上的长链一元羧酸)和醇(包括甘油醇、硝氨醇、高级一元醇和固醇)等所组成的酯类及其衍生物。包括单纯脂类、复合酯类及衍生脂质。
脂肪是指人体或动物体内的、由一分子甘油和三分子脂肪酸结合而成的甘油三酯。
酯类是指酸(羧酸或无机含氧酸)与醇起反应生成的一类有机化合物。低分子量酯是无色、易挥发的芳香液体,如:如乙酸乙酯CH3COOC2H5、乙酸苯酯CH3COOC6H5、苯甲酸甲酯C6H5COOCH3等;高级饱和脂肪酸单酯常为无色无味的固体,高级脂肪酸与高级脂肪醇形成的酯为蜡状固体。所以,酯类与脂类不可替代使用。
脂质的生物学功能有1、脂肪氧化分解释放能量
2、复合脂质和衍生脂质是构成细胞的成分
3、促进脂性维生素的吸收
4、脂肪防震和隔热保温作用
5、脂肪的氧化利用具有降低蛋白质和糖消耗的作用
后来加PEG沉淀效果很好,上清夜很清,但是不知道会不会对后期测效价,纯化等有影响。
有没有别的简便方法可以去除脂类?
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原文链接:http://www.medpagetoday.com/Rheumatology/Arthritis/42192
ErosiveHandOALinkedtoLipids
Erosiveosteoarthritis(OA)ofthehandisasevereformofrADIographichandOA,ratherthanadistinctclinicalentity,andmaybedrivenbythepresenceofmetabolicabnormalities,researchersreported.
ThepatternofjointinvolvementinerosiveOAwassimilartothatseeninseverenon-erosivedisease,particularlyforsymmetry,withanadjustedoddsratioof6.5(95%CI3-14.1)forinvolvementofthesamejointintheoppositehand,accordingtoMichelleMarshall,PhD,ofKeeleUniversityinStaffordshire,England,andcolleagues.
ButindividualswitherosivehandOAhadmorethantwicetheriskofmetabolicsyndrome(OR2.7,95%CI1-7.1)andmorethanfourtimestheriskofdyslipidemia(OR4.7,95%CI2.1-10.6)comparedwithpatientswhohadseverenon-erosiveOA,theresearchersreportedonlineinAnnalsoftheRheumaticDiseases.
ErosivehandOAdiffersfromnon-erosivediseaseinseveralways.Forinstance,theonsetofsymptomssuchasswelling,stiffness,andpaintendstobeabrupt,andradiographsreveal"gull-wing"or"saw-tooth"deformitiesandcollapseofthesubchondralbone.
Followingapparentwideningofthejointspace,remodelingoccurs,resultingintheappearanceoflargeosteophytesandanirregularsubchondralplate.
Andoverall,worseclinicalandradiographicoutcomes--alongwithsystemicriskfactors--havebeenreportedforerosiveOA.
ButthecauseandpathogenicprocessesassociatedwitherosiveOAhavenotbeenfullyestablished,andtheEuropeanLeagueAgainstRheumatismhassuggestedthaterosivediseasemaybeasubsetofgeneralizedhandOA.
TodeterminewhethererosivehandOAactuallyisaseparateentityorpartofacontinuumofseverityandtoidentifypotentialriskfactors,MarshallandcolleaguesrecruitedpatientsfromaclinicalassessmentstudyofhandOAandalsofromastudyofkneeOAtoprovidealarger,enrichedsample.
Allparticipantsreportedhandpainandstiffnessforatleast"afew"dayswithinthepastmonth.
X-raysofthehandswerescoredaccordingtotheKellgrenandLawrence(KL)system,andthepresenceoferosivechangeswasevaluatedaccordingtotheVerbruggen-Veysprogressionscale.
Atotalof1,167patientsand8,608handjointswereincludedintheanalysis.
OntheKLgradingscale,1,754jointsweregrades2orhigher,indicatingpossIBLeordefiniteosteophytesandnarrowingofthejointspace.
Moderate-to-severeKLscoresof3orhigherwerefoundin425joints,indicatingthepresenceofmultipleosteophytes,jointspacenarrowing,sclerosis,andpossiblebonedeformities.
Severescoresof4,withlargeosteophytes,markedjointspacenarrowing,severesclerosis,anddefinitebonedeformitieswerefoundin112joints.
Erosivediseasewasidentifiedin207jointsin80patients.
Theseconddistalinterphalangealjointwasmostoftenaffected,andsignificantassociationswerefoundfortheoverallrankedorderofinvolvedjointsinbotherosiveandnon-erosiveOA(r>0.95).
Aswithsymmetry,thepatternofinvolvementacrossthejointsofthesamehandandthesamefingerwassimilarforbotherosiveandnon-erosivedisease.
Patientswitherosiveandnon-erosivediseaseweresimilarinmanycharacteristics,includingage,sex,thepresenceofkneeOA,afamilyhistoryofarthritis,andbodymassindex.Themaindifferencewasinthepresenceofdyslipidemiaandmetabolicsyndrome.
Amongpatientswithnon-erosiveKL3,atotalof6.2%hadabnormallevelsofcholesterol,asdid8.8%ofthosewithnon-erosiveKL4.
Incontrast,21.2%ofthosewitherosivediseasehadlipidabnormalities.
AndforpatientswithKL3and4,ratesofmetabolicsyndromewere4.1%and2.9%,respectively,whiletheratewas11.2%forthosewitherosivedisease.
Thepatternsofinvolvementinthehandjointssuggestthatthereare"strongsimilarities"betweenerosiveOAandmoderate-to-severenon-erosiveOA,andmayrepresentanevolutionmediatedthroughmetabolicpathways,theresearchersexplained.
"Theexactmechanismisnotyetknownbutosteoarthritisisbelievedtosharesimilarbiochemicalandinflammatorypathwaystometabolicdisorders,anddyslipidemiamayalterlipidmetabolisminanumberofjointtissues,"theywrote.
Alimitationofthestudywastherelativelysmallnumberofpatientswitherosivedisease.

