| Formulation | TBS,1%BSA,0.02%azide,pH7.4 |
| Storage | 4°C |
| Purity | >95%bySDS-PAGE |
| ActivityDetermination | N/A |
| ShelfLife(properlystored) | 12months |
Lactadherin(MFG-E8)binds,Ca++-independently,tophosphatidyl-L-serineviatheC2domainandbindstheavb3andavb5integrinsviathesecondEGFdomain.Theoneletteraminoacidcodesrefertoidentifiedaminoacidsthatparticipateinbinding.FortheC2domainthecapitallettersrefertowater-exposedhydrophobicresidues.
SampleGelInformation:
| Gel | Novex4-12%Bis-Tris |
|---|---|
| Load | BovineLactadherin,1µgperlane |
| Buffer | MOPS |
| Standard | SeeBluePlus2;Myosin(191kDa),PhosphorylaseB(97kDa),BSA(64kDa),GlutamicDehydrogenase(51kDa),AlcoholDehydrogenase(39kDa),CarbonicAnhydrase(28kDa),MyoglobinRed(19kDa),Lysozyme(14kDa) |
Overview:
Lactadherinisawidelydistributedglycoprotein(~50kDa),whichwasoriginallycharacterizedduetoitsassociationwithmilkfat/lipidglobulemembranes.SynonymousnamesarePAS-6/7,bovine-associatedmucoprotein,BA-46,P47,andMFG-E8.Structuralhallmarksoflactadherinarethepresenceoftwoepidermalgrowthfactor(EGF)homologydomains(withanRGDpeptidemotifinthesecondEGFdomain),andtwoCdomainssharinghomologywiththediscoidinfamilyoflectindomainsincludingthephospholipid-bindingdomainsofbloodclottingfactorsVandVIII.Lactadherinshowspreferentialbindingtophosphatidylserine(L-form)inacalciumindependentmanner,andbindsmorespecificallythanAnnexinV.
Purifiedlactadherinfunctionsasananticoagulantbyblockingphosphatidylserine-containingmembranesitesforbloodcoagulationproteins(10).Fluoresence-labeledlactadherinfunctionsasasensitiveprobeforexposedphosphatidylserineonnucleatedcellsandonstimulatedplatelets(8,9).LactadherinwillbindtomembranesthathavephosphatidylserinecontentbelowthethresholdforannexinVbinding.
Lactadherinispurifiedfromun-pasteurizedbovinemilk(11).
IllustratedApplications
Above:K562cells(top)andHL60cells(bottom)co-stainedwithbothFITC-conjugatedlactadherin(green)andAlexa-647conjugatedannexinV(red)earlyinapoptosis.Theannexinisinternalizedingranulesandisnotdetectablystainingthecells. Reference:Shi,J.,Y.Shi,L.N.Waehrens,J.T.Rasmussen,C.W.HeegaardandG.E.Gilbert(2006)."Lactadherindetectsearlyphosphatidylserineexposureonimmortalizedleukemiacellsundergoingprogrammedcelldeath."CytometryA69(12):1193-201. Copyright2006. JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. ReprintedwithpermissionofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
Above:HeLacellsstainedwithFITC-conjugatedlactadherin2hours(top)and3hours(bottom)aftertreatmentwithstaurosporine.Earlyinapoptosisthecellshavesmallvesiclesandlong,thinappendagesthatstainavidlyforlactadherin.Reference:WaehrensLN,Heeghaard,CW,GilbertGE,RasmussenJT.BovineLactadherinasaCalcium-independentImagingAgentofPhosphatidylserineExpressedontheSurfaceofApoptoticHeLaCells2009J.Histochem.Cytochem.(ePubJune2009).
Above:Phosphatidylserineexposureinmousemesentericvenousthrombosis. Miceweregiven1µgeachoflactadherinandannexinVbytailveinimmediatelypriortoexternalizationofthemesentery.Themesentarywasexposedtoferricchlorideandthentheanimalswereperfusedwithsaline/paraformaldehyde.Serialsectionsofthemesentarywerestainedwithanti-fibrinogen/fibrin(left),anti-platelet(middle),andanti-lactadherinantibodies(right)developedwiththealkalinephosphataseVectorRedsubstrate.Alayeroffibrinogen/fibrin(left,closedarrows)overlaidamuralhemorrhage(openstar).Platelets(middle)werescatteredalongtheluminalsurfaceofthethrombus(opentriangles)aswellasuponfibrinogen/fibrinstrandsextendingintothelumen.Lactadherinstaining(right)wasstrongestalongtheraisedendotheliumsurface(closedarrow),includingadherentplateletsclosetothewall.Plateletsonfibrinstrandsdidnotstaindetectably(openarrow).(ShiJ,PipeSW,RasmussenJT,HeegaardCW,GilbertGE.Lactadherinblocksthrombosisandhemostasisinvivo:correlationwithplateletphosphatidylserineexposure.JThrombHaemost.Jul2008;6(7):1167-1174).
Properties:
| Names | Lactadherin,MFG-E8,PAS-6/7,SED1,p47 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Localization | Milk(1),alsosecretedbystimulatedmacrophages(2),vascularsmoothmuscle(3),endothelialcells(4) | |||||
| Plasmaconcentration | unknowninnormaladults,measurableinwomenwithmetastaticbreastcancer(5),measurableinnewborncalvesaftermilkmeal(1) | |||||
| Modeofaction | Physiologicfunctionasopsoninorbridgeligand(6,7).Thelectin-likedomainsengagephosphatidyl-L-serine,thesecondEGFdomainengagesavb3and/oravb5integrinleADIngtophagocytosisofapoptoticcells. | |||||
| Molecularweight | 52kDaand47kDa(glycosylationvariants,PAS-6andPAS-7respectively) | |||||
| Extinctioncoefficient |
| |||||
| Structure | singlechainwithtwoEGFdomainsandtwoCdomains.ThemouseisoformcontainsacentralprolinerichregionandthehumanmoleculecontainsasingleEGFdomain | |||||
| Percentcarbohydrate | 6%,13%forglycosylationvariants | |||||
| Post-translationalmodifications | glycosylation |
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2-IgM也是一种特异性感染指标，但在人体内持续时间不长（有时是30天更短），往往是传染病的近期感染指标。呈阴性是指：你近期没有感染过结核杆菌。
您好，对于优生学检查，有两种抗体，一种是IGG抗体，一种是IGM抗体，如果是前者阳性，只能说明即往以前有感染了这类病原体，而不能说明当前正在感染这个病毒的。
指导意见：
如果是后一种阳性，也就是说IGM抗体阳性时，就提示当前正在感染这个病毒的，需要及时行抗病毒的药物治疗为佳，治好后才行怀孕的，否则对于怀孕的胎儿有很大的影响的。
aware可自测不用抽血祝您健康天 猫！
IgM是免疫球蛋白M(Immunoglobulin M，IgM)的缩写。根据结构的不同将免疫球蛋白分为五种，IgM是人的免疫球蛋白之一，其他还有lgA、lgG、IgD和lgE。
文章原文链接http://www.jbc.org/content/282/23/16776.long
1，IgG抗体是抗体中分子量最小的一种，可通过胎盘输给胎儿，保护了婴儿最初六个月内免受感染。该抗体产生晚，维持时间长，消失慢，浓度高。血中检测到可作为远期感染指标。
2，IgM抗体是抗体中分子量最大的一种，不能通过胎盘输给胎儿。抗体产生最早，一经感染，快速产生，在感染初期抗感染起作用。但维持时间短，消失快。
3，灵长类动物主要有四种免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA、和IgE。
所有用于检测抗原的免疫学方法经适当改良后，均可用于抗体的检测，如IFA、ELISA、RIA、LA......由于抗原方法的敏感性提高和PCR技术的应用，使得HSV抗体在HSV感染个体中的不均一性和不稳定性影响了这类指标在临床诊断中的意义，但作为一种感染有关指标，在一定的范围和情况下，仍有必要进行检测和深入研究.目前HSV特异性抗体的检测，主要有IgG、IgM和IgA三种。
