SDS-PAGE showing purified DAG protein (indicated by arrow).

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ALPHA-DYSTROGLYCAN (DAG) – RECOMBINANT PROTEIN
Recombinant human alpha-dystroglycan (DAG) protein produced in HEK293 cells. DAG is a major cellular receptor for Lassa Fever virus (LAFV).
PRODUCT DETAILS – ALPHA-DYSTROGLYCAN (DAG) – RECOMBINANT PROTEIN
- Recombinant human alpha-dystroglycan (DAG) – NCBI accession number NP_004384.4, amino acids 28-651.
- C-terminal transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail replaced by 15 aa Glycine-Serine linker and human IgG1 Fc-tag.
- Produced in HEK293 cells and purified from culture supernatant.
- Stored in PBS, pH7.4.
BACKGROUND
The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of processes including laminin and basement membrane assembly, sacrolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, and epithelial polarization. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular peripheral glycoprotein that acts as a receptor for extracellular matrix proteins containing laminin-G domains.
Lassa fever virus (LAFV) exhibits broad tissue tropism and its major cellular receptor is extracellular matrix receptor dystroglycan (DG). DG is a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved receptor for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, where it provides a molecular link between the ECM and the actin-based cytoskeleton (Cao et al., 1998). DG is cleaved into the extracellular alpha-DG (α-DG) and membrane-anchored β-DG (Barresi and Campbell, 2006). In mammals, α-DG is also subject to complex O-glycosylation, which is essential for its function as a receptor for ECM proteins and arenaviruses (Yoshida-Moriguchi and Campbell, 2015; Kunz et al., 2005; Rojek et al., 2007). Binding of LASV depends on DG’s tissue-specific posttranslational modification with the unusual O-linked polysaccharide matriglycan. However, functional glycosylation of DG does not always correlate with viral tropism observed in vivo, suggesting the existence of alternative receptors. The broadly expressed phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors Axl and Tyro3 have also been identified as alternative LASV receptor candidates (Fedeli et al., 2018).
Alpha-dystroglycan also acts as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein and class C new-world arenaviruses (Imperiali et al., 2005, Kunz, 2009; Rojek et al., 2007). It is also the Schwann cell receptor for Mycobacterium leprae, the causative organism of leprosy, but only in the presence of the G-domain of LAMA2 (Rambukkana et al., 2008).
REFERENCES
- Barresi and Campbell (2006). Dystroglycan: from biosynthesis to pathogenesis of human disease. J Cell Sci. 119(Pt 2):199-207.
- Cao et al. (1998). Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus. Science. 282(5396):2079-81.
- Fedeli et al. (2018). Axl Can Serve as Entry Factor for Lassa Virus Depending on the Functional Glycosylation of Dystroglycan. J Virol. 92(5).
- Imperiali et al. (2005). O Mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan is essential for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus receptor function. J Virol. 79(22):14297-308.
- Kunz (2009). Receptor binding and cell entry of Old World arenaviruses reveal novel aspects of virus-host interaction. Virology. 387(2):245-9.
- Kunz et al. (2005). Posttranslational modification of alpha-dystroglycan, the cellular receptor for arenaviruses, by the glycosyltransferase LARGE is critical for virus binding. J Virol. 79(22):14282-96.
- Rojek et al. (2007). Old World and clade C New World arenaviruses mimic the molecular mechanism of receptor recognition used by alpha-dystroglycan’s host-derived ligands. J Virol. 81(11):5685-95.
- Rambukkana et al. (1998). Role of alpha-dystroglycan as a Schwann cell receptor for Mycobacterium leprae. Science. 282(5396):2076-9.
- Yoshida-Moriguchi and Campbell (2015). Matriglycan: a novel polysaccharide that links dystroglycan to the basement membrane. Glycobiology. 25(7):702-13.
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①乙型肝炎表面抗原—抗体系统(HBsAg/抗—HBs);
②乙型肝炎核心抗原—抗体系统(HBcAg/抗—HBc):
③乙型肝炎e抗原—抗体系统(HBeAg);
④乙型肝炎Dane颗粒抗原—抗体系统
⑤乙型肝炎δ抗原—抗体系统(δ/抗—δ)。
临床意义 1.HBsAg:血清中检测到HBsAg ,表示体内感染了HBV,因而是一种特异性标志。HBsAg阳性见于:①急性乙型肝炎的潜伏期或急性期(大多短期阳性);②HBV致的慢性肝病、迁延性和慢性活动性肝炎、肝炎后肝硬化或原发性肝癌等。③无症状携带者
2.抗HBs:表示曾感染过HBV,不论临床上有无肝炎症状表现,均已得到恢复,并且对HBV有一定的免疫力。
3.HBcAg与抗HBc:由于 HBcAg主要存在于肝细胞核内,并仅存在于Dane颗粒中。因此,对病人血清不能检测HBcAg,而测抗HBc。血清内抗HBc阳性反映:①新近有过HBV感染;②体内有HBV增殖;③有助于诊断急性或慢性乙型肝炎,特别是少数病例就诊时已处于急性恢复期早期,HBsAg已从血中消失,此时血中仅有抗HBc存在,因此,对恢复期患者可作病因追索。
4.HBcAg和抗HBe:HBcAg的存在常表示病人血液有感染性。 HBcAg阳性揭示病人肝脏可能有慢性损害,对预后判断有一定帮助。抗HBe阳性对病人可能有一定的保护力。展开
患者,双手扶墙,脚尖着地;医生做好消毒,戴上手套,利用放血针(可以利用测血糖的放血针),在委中穴点刺放血,利用拔罐器把瘀血抽出来,直到见到新鲜血液为止。委中穴是解毒大穴。
中医强调治症不治病,虽然身体还有病毒,但是,只要症状能够解除,不影响正常生活和工作,就可以了。
需要强调:医生,一定要做好消毒、保护,防止病毒感染。 另外,可以把艾滋病作为一种疫病,尝试五苓散;五苓散是用来治疗疫病的。
所以说,感染同一种病毒,每个人识别的表位可能不一样。
主要是中度以上细胞免疫缺陷包括:CD4+T淋巴细胞耗竭,外周血淋巴细胞显著减少,CD4<200/μl,CD4/CD8<1.0,(正常人为1.25~2.1),迟发型变态反应皮试阴性,有丝分裂原刺激反应低下。NK细胞活性下降。
2.各种致病性感染的病原体检查
如用PCR方法检测相关病原体,恶性肿瘤的组织病理学检查。
3.HIV抗体检测
采用酶联免疫吸附法、明胶颗粒凝集试验、免疫荧光检测法、免疫印迹检测法、放射免疫沉淀法等,其中前三项常用于筛选试验,后二者用于确证试验。
4.PCR技术检测HIV病毒。
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