Product Specifications:
Item# 1032: Recombinant tat HIV-1 MN
Concentration: See vial
Mass/vial: 100ug
Volume/vial: See vial
Diluent: 0.2 M KCl, 5mM Glutathione
Purity: >95%
Stabilizer: None
Preservative: None
Storage: -75°C
Physical State: Frozen Liquid
Stability: At least 6 months at -75°C.
Application: ELISA, Western ELISA, Anti-tat Drug Screening, Immunization, Transcriptional Activation.
Description: Full length (101 amino acids) Recombinant HIV-1 MN tat produced in the E.coli Expression System.
Purification: This protein is purified by ion affinity and reverse phase HPLC to >95% purity, as determined by SDS-PAGE and HPLC.
Specificity: This protein binds to murine monoclonal antibodies of defined epitope specificity and rabbit and human serum polyclonal antibodies (HIV-1 converted serum) in ELISA and Western ELISA.
Biological Activity: The biological specificity of this protein was determined by LTR-Beta galactosidase induction in MAGI and MAGI-CCR5 cells. Tat in 1-10ug/ml range induced Beta-galactosidase activity 30-fold over un-treated cells.
Endotoxin: Less than 0.01 EU/mg of protein as determined by BioWhittaker Kinetic QCL Kit.
Application and Instructions for use
Recommended concentrations for use are approximate values. A dose dependent response assay should be performed to determine the optimal concentration for use in specific applications. Dilute tat stock solution in saline-phosphate buffer (150mM NaCl, 50mM sodiumphosphate, pH 6.5) immediately before use. Tat readily oxidizes in buffer solutions which may change its LTR- dependent transcriptional activation activity. Transcriptional activation assays with tat are performed in 1-10µg/ml range. ELISA and Western ELISA require tat in 10-100ng protein range.
Glossary
Gene and Gene Products
Structural Proteins: Structural proteins – the products of gag, pol and env genes, which are essential components of the retroviral particle.
Regulatory Proteins: Regulatory proteins – tat and rev proteins of HIV/SIV and tax and rex proteins of HTLVs; essential for viral expression in infected cells.
Accessory Proteins: Accessory proteins – additional (non-regulatory) virion – and non virion-associated proteins produced by HIV/SIV retroviruses: vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef. Although, the accessory proteins are not necessary for viral propagation in tissue culture, they have been conserved in the different isolates; this conservation and experimental observations suggest that their role in vivo is very important.
gag
gag – group-sepecifc antigens or capsid proteins; the precursor is the p55 myristoylated protein, which is processed to p17 (Matrix) p24 (Capsid) and p7 (NucleoCapsid) proteins by the viral protease. Other small proteins are generated from the gag polyprotein.
pol
pol – (p66) generates the viral enzymes protease (p11), reverse transcriptase (p51), endonuclease and integrase (p32) after the processing of a gag-pol precursor polyprotein by the viral protease; gag-pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting.
env
env – viral glycoproteins produced as a precursor (gp160) and processed to the external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The mature proteins are held together by noncovalent interactions; as a result substantial amount of gp120 is released extracellularly. The external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor.
tat
tat – transactivator of HIV gene expression; one of the two necessary viral regulatory factors (tat and rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids, and tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. The electrophoretic mobility of these two forms in SDS gels is anomalous; they are approximately 16 kD and 14 kD in weight. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. tat is localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus; it acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription from the LTR promoter. Post-transcriptional effects of tat have been postulated.
rev
rev – the second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression. A 19 kD phosphoprotein localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the viral mRNAs containing RRE.
vif
vif – viral infectivity factor, typically 23 kD; required for the efficient transmission of cell-free virus in tissue culture. In the absence of vif, the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. It has been reported that the cellular localization is in the Golgi (vif is not found in the virion).
nef
nef – approximately 27 kD non-virion protein found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Potentially myristoylated and associated with the inner plasma membrane. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in the infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins and may be used in the future for diagnosis and staging of the disease. NEF is dispensable and probably suffers counter-selection during ex vivo viral propagation in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that SIV nef is required for viral propagation in vivo.
vpr
vpr – virion-associated protein of unknown function found in HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVmnd; typically 15 kD. May be homologous to vpx. Also called “rap” for rapid.
vpu
vpu – protein that promotes extracellular release of viral particles. Found only in HIV-1. Integral membrane phosphoprotein of 16kd; similar to M2 protein of influenza virus. It may be involved in env maturation. It is not found in the virion.
vpx
vpx – virion protein of 12 kD found only in HIV-2 infection. (vpx may have some homology with vpr).
Related research paper:
ebiomall.com
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氯仿萃取RNA
异丙醇沉淀RNA
酒精清洗
－－本来，看好丹麦Exiqon公司，Qiagen的两个试剂盒，无奈经费有限，这两个盒子很不错，价格也不菲，有米的兄弟姐妹可以买。
－－另外查询到国产上海诺伦公司的血液(血清/血浆)总RNA抽提试剂盒－－广州这边用的人不多，不知道上海那边的兄弟姐妹有什么经验？
－－－还有，北京康为世纪公司的游离RNA（血清血浆尿液）提取试剂，货号：CW2281，也比较便宜，但是俺心中也没有底，请大家给点意见。
－－－已经订购了LIFETECHNOLOGY的TrizolLS专门提取体液RNA的试剂（100毫升2000元人民币，也不菲），准备预试验看看提取RNA的质量。(Lifetechnology公司的AM1556也不错，但是也不便宜，每个盒子40次/2590元）
－－－－但是还是希望有试剂盒，比较简单，快捷，最重要的是样本量太大，要分离400份左右的血清。
TRIZOL的主要成分是苯酚。苯酚的主要作用是裂解细胞，使细胞中的蛋白，核酸物质解聚得到释放。苯酚虽可有效地变性蛋白质，但不能完全抑制RNA酶活性，因此TRIzol中还加入了8－羟基喹啉、异硫氰酸胍、β-巯基乙醇等来抑制内源和外源RNase（RNA酶）。
TRIZOL是从细胞和组织中提取总RNA的即用型试剂，在样品裂解或匀浆过程中，TRIZOL 能保持RNA完整性。加入氯仿后，溶液分为水相和有机相，RNA在水相中。取出水相，用异丙醇可沉淀回收RNA。
※0.1%的8－羟基喹啉可以抑制RNase，与氯仿联合使用可增强抑制作用。
※异硫氰酸胍属于解偶剂，是一类强力的蛋白质变性剂，可溶解蛋白质并使蛋白质二级结构消失，导致细胞结构降解，核蛋白迅速与核酸分离。
※β-巯基乙醇的主要作用是破坏RNase蛋白质中的二硫键。
TRIZOL是一种新型总RNA抽提试剂，可以直接从细胞或组织中提取总RNA。其含有苯酚、异硫氰酸胍等物质，能迅速破碎细胞并抑制细胞释放出的核酸酶。TRIZOL在破碎和溶解细胞时能保持RNA的完整性，因此对纯化RNA及标准化RNA的生产十分有用。
基本特点
Trizol试剂可以快速提取人、动物、植物、细菌不同组织的总RNA，该方法对少量的组织（50-100 mg）和细胞（5×106）以及大量的组织（≥1 g）和细胞（>107）均有较好的分离效果。TRIZOL试剂操作上的简单性允许同时处理多个的样品。所有的操作可以在一小时内完成。TRIZOL抽提的总RNA能够避免DNA和蛋白的污染。故而能够作RNA 印迹分析、斑点杂交、poly(A)+ 选择、体外翻译、RNA酶保护分析和分子克隆。并且利用DNA、RNA和蛋白质在不同溶液中的溶解性质，可以通过分层分别将不同层中的RNA（上层）、DNA（中层）、蛋白质（下层）分离纯化出来，效率极好。
Trizol试剂能促进不同种属不同分子量大小的多种RNA的析出。例如，从大鼠肝脏抽提的RNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳并用溴化乙啶染色，可见许多介于7 kb和15 kb之间不连续的高分子量条带，（mRNA和hnRNA成分）两条优势核糖体RNA条带位于~5 kb （28S）和~2 kb （18S），低分子量RNA介于0.1 和 0.3 kb之间 (tRNA,5S）。当抽提的RNA用TE稀释时其A260/A280比值≥1.8
TRIZOL
http://baike.baidu.com/view/533842.htm
Trizol法和试剂盒提取组织中的RNA，哪个方法更可靠和精确呢？谢谢！
这里有关于miRNA专题报道，可以看看
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