Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant and primary carrier of the required energy for various functions in cells. Prolonged ischemia, reperfusion, anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation can lead to a dramatic decrease of ATP, cell swelling, cell rupture, and finally cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Due to drastic hydrolysis of ATP in vivo by ectoenzymes and poor cellular penetration, the direct delivery of ATP to the ischemic tissues is difficult.
To increase delivery of ATP to the tissues and protect from enzymatic degradation, encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed and demonstrated in various models of ischemia [1,2]. Studies on myocardial [1,3,4], liver [5-8], retina [9] and wound healing [10-12] ischemia have shown the ability of liposomal encapsulated ATP to prevent cell death and tissue dysfunction following ischemic events.
The encapsulation of ATP in liposomes markedly promotes its effectiveness by preventing the hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes, increasing ATP circulation time and enhancing its intracellular penetration. Depending on the type of the cell line and the target organ various types of liposomes with different surface charges such as anionic, cationic and neutral has been studied by various groups. Moreover, ATP encapsulated liposomes has been demonstrated to improve energy state and function of the cold-stored liver [6,7,13].
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一般来说，试剂盒曲线上的最小浓度是比较准确的，低于这个值因为与曲线是个“S"型结构有关，所以结果是有偏差的，是一种估算。再加上实验误差，所以达不到理想的效果。建议选择试剂盒时，应该看曲线上最小的浓度值，而不是试剂盒上写的灵敏度。
虽然酶活性调节ELISA方法的灵敏度目前并不十分理想，但在酶活性放大ELISA中，检测的灵敏度远比RIA高。根据质量作用定律。即免疫反应所形成的免疫复合物量与反应物浓度成正比。推测所检测的待测物分子数为1。已知1个摩尔浓度含6.02×1023个分子，那么理论推测酶活性放大ELISA方法的最低检测限可达1.7×10-24mol/L。虽然在实际应用中由于反应条件和试剂纯度以及仪器精度等因素的影响，往往达不到这个水平(大于104个分子)，但表明ELISA在灵敏度方面的改进潜力是很大的。
