
Product Specifications:
Item# 1103T-B: Biotin Murine anti-p24 HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody
Antibody Class: Clone 8, IgG,b, k
Concentration: See vial
Mass/vial: 50pg
Purity: >95%
Preservative: NaN3
Buffer: 20mM Tris, lOmM Nacl,1% BSA, pH8
Physical State: Liquid
Storage: 4°C
Stability: At least 12 months 4°C
Applications: ELISA Coating antibody, Western ELISA, Immunoprecipitation, Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry.
Description: High affinity murine anti-p24 HIV-1 IIIB mAb-biotin conjugated.
Specificity: Reacts with native and recombinant HIV-I p24 in Elisa and Western Elisa. Detects HIV-1 p24 in capture Elisa assays as determined by biotin-strepavidinHRP Elisa.
Biological Activity: Not Determined.
Applications and Instrucions for use
Recommended dilutions for use are approximate values. A dose dependent response assay should be performed to determine the optimal concentration for use in specific applications. ELISA may be performed at 10-100ng of rnAb depending on the amount of immobilized antigen in the assays. Western ELISA requires 1-5pg of mAb.
Related Products
Item#: 1103-P Peroxidase-Conjugated Murine anti-p24 HIV-1 IIlB
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Item#: 1103-F Fluorescene Murine anti-p24 HIV- 1 IIIB
Application: Cell Staining
Product#: 1103-6 Colloidal Gold-Conjugated Murine anti-p24 HIV-1 IIIB
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Item#: 1103-M Magnetic Murine anti-p24 HIV-1 IIIB
Application: Immunoprecipitation
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硝酸根从根向地上部茎的长距离运输过程中首先要进行木质部的装载。台湾科学家发现NRT1.5是一个低亲和且依赖于pH的双向转运蛋白,位于质膜并在靠近木质部的中柱鞘细胞中表达,对于硝酸根在木质部的装载具有重要作用。
所以NRT1.5是双向性的转运蛋白
QianWang,JessamyTiffen,CharlesG.Bailey,MelanieL.Lehman,WilliamRitchie,LadanFazli,CynthiaMetierre,Yue(Julie)Feng,EstelleLi,MartinGleave,GrantBuchanan,ColleenC.Nelson,JohnE.J.Rasko,JeffHolst
Correspondenceto:JeffHolst,PhD,OriginsofCancerLaboratory,LockedBag6,Newtown,NSW2042Australia.(e-mail:j.holst@centenary.org.au).
BackgroundL-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)uptakeneutralaminoacidsincludingL-leucineintocells,stimulatingmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1signalingandproteinsynthesis.LAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedatdifferentstagesofprostatecancer,andtheyareresponsIBLeforincreasingnutrientsandstimulatingcellgrowth.
MethodsWeexaminedLAT3proteinexpressioninhumanprostatecancertissuemicroarrays.LATfunctionwasinhibitedusingaleucineanalog(BCH)inandrogen-dependentand-independentenvironments,withgeneexpressionanalyzedbymicroarray.APC-3xenograftmousemodelwasusedtostudytheeffectsofinhibitingLAT1andLAT3expression.ResultswereanalyzedwiththeMann-WhitneyUorFisherexacttests.Allstatisticaltestsweretwo-sided.
ResultsLAT3proteinwasexpressedatallstagesofprostatecancer,withastatisticallysignificantdecreaseinexpressionafter4–7monthsofneoadjuvanthormonetherapy(4–7monthmean=1.571;95%confidenceinterval=1.155to1.987vs0month=2.098;95%confidenceinterval=1.962to2.235;P=.0187).InhibitionofLATfunctionledtoactivatingtranscriptionfactor4–mediatedupregulationofaminoacidtransportersincludingASCT1,ASCT2,and4F2hc,allofwhichwerealsoregulatedviatheandrogenreceptor.LATinhibitionsuppressedM-phasecellcyclegenesregulatedbyE2Ffamilytranscriptionfactorsincludingcriticalcastration-resistantprostatecancerregulatorygenesUBE2C,CDC20,andCDK1.InsilicoanalysisofBCH-downregulatedgenesshowedthat90.9%arestatisticallysignificantlyupregulatedinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer.Finally,LAT1orLAT3knockdowninxenograftsinhibitedtumorgrowth,cellcycleprogression,andspontaneousmetastasisinvivo.
ConclusionInhibitionofLATtransportersmayprovideanoveltherapeutictargetinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer,viasuppressionofmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1activityandM-phasecellcyclegenes.
L-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)supplycellswithlargeneutralaminoacids,whicharenotonlyrequiredforproteinsynthesisbutalsocontributetovarioussignalingpathways.Intracellularleucinelevelsaresensedbytheleucyl-transferRNAsynthetase,previouslyknowntocatalyzetheadenosinetriphosphate–dependentligationofL-leucinetotransferRNAduringproteinsynthesis(1,2).Leucyl-transferRNAsynthetaseactivatestheRagguanosinetriphosphatasecomplexandbindstoRaptortoactivatemammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1(mTORC1)signalingonthesurfaceoflysosomes(1–3).Inthiswayleucineisnotonlyanessentialaminoacidbutactsasarate-limitingsignalingmoleculeinthemTORC1pathway.
Incellsdeprivedofaminoacids,thereisanaccumulationofunchargedtransferRNA,whichbindstoandactivatesthegeneralcontrolnonrepressed2(GCN2)kinase.Inturn,GCN2phosphorylatesthetranslationinitiationfactor2α(eIF2α)onserine51,triggeringtranslationalupregulationofactivatingtranscriptionfactor(ATF)4(4).ATF4itselfupregulatestheexpressionofaminoacidtransportersasameansofrestoringintracellularaminoacidlevels(5).Therefore,understandinghowaminoacidtransportersregulateintracellularleucinelevels,andgeneratingnovelinhibitorsofthesetransporters,mayleadtopotentsuppressorsofmTORC1signaling.
ThetwodistinctfamiliesofLATsare1)solutecarrier7(SLC7)members(LAT1/SLC7A5andLAT2/SLC7A8),whichmediateNa+-independentneutralaminoacidexchangeasheterodimerswiththe4F2cell-surfaceantigenheavychain(4F2hc/SLC3A2/CD98)glycoprotein(6,7);and2)SLC43proteins(LAT3/SLC43A1andLAT4/SLC43A2)thatmediateNa+-independentuniportofneutralaminoacids(8,9).AlthoughtheexpressionofeachLATmembervariesdramaticallyindifferenttissues,thesetransportersarecommonlyupregulatedincancer.IncreasedLAT1expressionhasbeendetectedinlungcancer,coloncancer,breastcancer,headandneckcancer,genitalcancers,andsofttissuesarcomas(10–12).WeandothershaveshownthatLAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedinprostatecancer(11–14),withLAT1expressionincreasedinmetastasiscomparedwithprimarycancer(10,12).
WehypothesizedthatinhibitionofLAT1andLAT3mayofferaneffectivetherapeuticapproachforprostatecancer.
同:均需要转运体蛋白.
异:易化扩散顺浓度梯度或电位梯度运输;两种主动运输逆着电化学梯度运输.
易化扩散不消耗ATP;原发性主动转运能量来源是直接分解ATP;继发性主动转运的能量来自原发性主动转运所形成的离子浓度梯度,间接利用了ATP.
一、原发性主动转运
原发性主动转运 (Primary active transport)是由ATP直接供能的逆浓度差的转运方式。Na+-K+-ATP酶(钠泵)是目前研究得最清楚的原发性主动转运。钠泵是镶嵌在膜脂质双分子层中的特殊蛋白质,除具有对Na+、K+的转运功能外,还具有ATP酶的活性,可分解ATP释放能量,用于Na+、K+的主动转运。因此,钠泵是Na+-K+依赖式的ATP酶,其对Na+、K+的主动转运是由其磷酸化和脱磷酸化循环驱动的,是一种消耗钠泵活动时,泵出细胞Na+和泵入细胞K+两个过程是耦连在一起的,生理条件下,每分解一分子ATP,可使3个Na+被泵出胞外,同时2个K+被泵回胞内(右下图)。
钠泵由α亚单位(催化亚单位)和β亚单位(调节亚单位)组成。胞内Na+与α亚单位结合时,ATP也与之结合并被水解,释放出ADP,使钠泵磷酸化而构象改变,高亲和K+而低亲和Na+,在细胞外一侧释放Na+而结合K+。当胞外K+与α亚单位结合时,钠泵脱磷酸化,返回到原来的构象,高亲和Na+而低亲和K+,在细胞内一侧释放K+而再一次结合Na+,开始下一个循环。
钠泵示意图
Na+泵广泛存在于身体各种细胞的细胞膜上,它们在维持细胞内外正常的Na+、K+浓度差中起重要作用,在此过程中消耗的ATP能是人体代谢产能的1/4,其钠泵的生理意义如下:
①维持细胞内高K+(是胞内许多代谢反应的必需条件);
②防止细胞内Na+过多(从而防止由胞内高渗引起的细胞肿胀);
③最重要的意义是,钠泵活动建立了一种势能贮备(即细胞内外的Na+、K+浓度差),这是可兴奋细胞兴奋性的基础。
除钠泵外,体内还有氢泵、钙泵和碘泵等,均属原发性主动转运。
感觉这样的提问是没有意义的
还是自己找下资料吧

