Biological Activity
Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).
Technical Data
| M. Wt | 487.51 |
| Formula | C28H34N2O.2HCl |
| Storage | Desiccate at -20°C |
| CAS Number | 67469-81-2 |
| PubChem ID | 11957553 |
| InChI Key | NQWRSILGEXNJIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Smiles | Cl.Cl.C(CN1CCN(CCOC(C2=CC=CC=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2)CC1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 |
The technical data provided above is for guidance only. For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
All Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only.
Solubility Data
| Solvent | Max Conc. mg/mL | Max Conc. mM | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solubility | |||
| DMSO | 2.44 | 5 |
Preparing Stock Solutions
The following data is based on the product molecular weight 487.51. Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to solvent of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 mM | 2.05 mL | 10.26 mL | 20.51 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.41 mL | 2.05 mL | 4.1 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.21 mL | 1.03 mL | 2.05 mL |
| 50 mM | 0.04 mL | 0.21 mL | 0.41 mL |
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References
References are publications that support the products' biological activity.
Andersen et al (1987) Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of [3H]GBR 12935 binding in vitro to rat striatal membranes: labelling of the dopamine uptake complex. J.Neurochem. 48 1887 PMID: 2952763
Reith et al (1994) GBR 12909 and 12935 block dopamine uptake into brain synaptic vesicles as well as nerve endings. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 253 175 PMID: 8013544
Reith et al (1992) Evidence for mutually exclusive binding of cocaine, BTCP, GBR 12935, and dopamine to the dopamine transporter. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 227 417 PMID: 1446712
Keywords: GBR 12935 dihydrochloride, supplier, Selective, dopamine, uptake, inhibitors, inhibits, DAT, Transporters, Monoamine, Neurotransmitter, GBR12935, dihydrochloride, Dopamine, Transporters, Dopamine, Transporters, Tocris Bioscience
TocrisBioscience是一家专卖生命科学研究chemicals,peptidesandantibodies的知名品牌，其产品也广为各大药厂、大学、研究机构，超过五万名科学研究者所采用。目前，產品內容已超過一千六百種以上，並每年持續不斷的增加新的產品。目前，产品内容已超过一千六百种以上，并每年持续不断的增加新的产品。 Tocrisbioscience是位于英国布里斯托尔（Bristol）的高品质试剂提供商，共有2000多种产品，主要集中在神经科学和信号传导领域，产品类型包括小分子、多肽、抗体、配体和化合物筛选文库等，主要产品包括GPCRligands，神经传递素，离子通道调控剂，信号通路抑制剂等，这些产品被广泛选择性地用于阻断或激活生物学通路。Tocris是世界上神经科学研究领域无可争议的领导者，其生产的影响神经系统的化学物质被多次引用，这些物质很多都来自JeffWatkins（Tocris的创立人）在Bristol大学原创性的研究工作。 TocrisBioscience的主要产品包括：SmallMoleculesPeptidesAptamersControlledSubstancesCompoundLibrariesDREADDLigandsFluorescentImagingLigandSetsOptopharmacologyReagentsToxins 按照研究领域细分：CancerCardiovascularSystemEndocrinologyImmunologyNeurosciencePain&InflammationRespiratorySystem
关于Tocris高品质生命科学试剂的领先供应商超过三十年来，TocrisBioscience一直与科学家携手合作，致力于为生命科学研究提供最尖端和最具创新性的研究工具。我们了解，对于研究人员，试剂的可靠性是至关重要的，从这一点出发，我们为客户提供最高品质的产品，让您在发表研究成果时倍感自信。要了解关于Tocris的更多信息，请点击下方的图块。Tocris是Bio-Techne的分支机构，专精于生命科学领域，旗下包含多个著名品牌，如 R&DSystems、NovusBIOLOGicals、ProteinSimple 和 AdvancedCellDiagnostics。Bio-Techne汇聚众多品牌的力量，为研究人员提供全方位的产品，包括研究试剂、定量分析和蛋白质分析平台。要了解关于Bio-Techne及其旗下品牌的更多信息，请访问 bio-techne.com。Tocris职业发展环境保护活动和会议授权我们的理念我们的历史Tocris新闻
TocrisBioscience主要产品分类 1、小分子在生物科学中，小分子作为研究材料具有许多优点，它们可设计成是选择性的、有效的、水溶性的或细胞可渗透的。应用作为激动剂和GPCR的拮抗剂，以及酶抑制剂，核受体配体和离子通道调节剂。许多常用药物是小分子，不像肽和蛋白质，它们可被设计为代谢稳定和口服活性。2、肽肽是由酰胺键连接的α-氨基酸形成的链。肽通常由20种天然存在氨基酸与非天然氨基酸组成。3、对照底物对照底物包含药物或化合物，来自于英国药物生产商的前沿技术。4、毒素毒素是由活细胞或组织产生的有毒物质。5、复合笼利用光解技术，使邻近的受体配体释放，防止扩撒效应。6、光控开关配体光控开关配体是光敏感的化合物，不同波长的光应于神经元的离子通道和受体的调节，能控制神经信号的强度。7、荧光探针结合到受体或蛋白质的荧光探针使研究人员能够检测的复杂生物分子的组件，如活细胞，具有高灵敏度和选择性。Tocris也提供荧光染料、标签等。8、筛选文库9、其他试剂
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QianWang,JessamyTiffen,CharlesG.Bailey,MelanieL.Lehman,WilliamRitchie,LadanFazli,CynthiaMetierre,Yue(Julie)Feng,EstelleLi,MartinGleave,GrantBuchanan,ColleenC.Nelson,JohnE.J.Rasko,JeffHolst
Correspondenceto:JeffHolst,PhD,OriginsofCancerLaboratory,LockedBag6,Newtown,NSW2042Australia.(e-mail:j.holst@centenary.org.au).
BackgroundL-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)uptakeneutralaminoacidsincludingL-leucineintocells,stimulatingmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1signalingandproteinsynthesis.LAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedatdifferentstagesofprostatecancer,andtheyareresponsIBLeforincreasingnutrientsandstimulatingcellgrowth.
MethodsWeexaminedLAT3proteinexpressioninhumanprostatecancertissuemicroarrays.LATfunctionwasinhibitedusingaleucineanalog(BCH)inandrogen-dependentand-independentenvironments,withgeneexpressionanalyzedbymicroarray.APC-3xenograftmousemodelwasusedtostudytheeffectsofinhibitingLAT1andLAT3expression.ResultswereanalyzedwiththeMann-WhitneyUorFisherexacttests.Allstatisticaltestsweretwo-sided.
ResultsLAT3proteinwasexpressedatallstagesofprostatecancer,withastatisticallysignificantdecreaseinexpressionafter4–7monthsofneoadjuvanthormonetherapy(4–7monthmean=1.571;95%confidenceinterval=1.155to1.987vs0month=2.098;95%confidenceinterval=1.962to2.235;P=.0187).InhibitionofLATfunctionledtoactivatingtranscriptionfactor4–mediatedupregulationofaminoacidtransportersincludingASCT1,ASCT2,and4F2hc,allofwhichwerealsoregulatedviatheandrogenreceptor.LATinhibitionsuppressedM-phasecellcyclegenesregulatedbyE2Ffamilytranscriptionfactorsincludingcriticalcastration-resistantprostatecancerregulatorygenesUBE2C,CDC20,andCDK1.InsilicoanalysisofBCH-downregulatedgenesshowedthat90.9%arestatisticallysignificantlyupregulatedinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer.Finally,LAT1orLAT3knockdowninxenograftsinhibitedtumorgrowth,cellcycleprogression,andspontaneousmetastasisinvivo.
ConclusionInhibitionofLATtransportersmayprovideanoveltherapeutictargetinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer,viasuppressionofmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1activityandM-phasecellcyclegenes.
L-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)supplycellswithlargeneutralaminoacids,whicharenotonlyrequiredforproteinsynthesisbutalsocontributetovarioussignalingpathways.Intracellularleucinelevelsaresensedbytheleucyl-transferRNAsynthetase,previouslyknowntocatalyzetheadenosinetriphosphate–dependentligationofL-leucinetotransferRNAduringproteinsynthesis(1,2).Leucyl-transferRNAsynthetaseactivatestheRagguanosinetriphosphatasecomplexandbindstoRaptortoactivatemammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1(mTORC1)signalingonthesurfaceoflysosomes(1–3).Inthiswayleucineisnotonlyanessentialaminoacidbutactsasarate-limitingsignalingmoleculeinthemTORC1pathway.
Incellsdeprivedofaminoacids,thereisanaccumulationofunchargedtransferRNA,whichbindstoandactivatesthegeneralcontrolnonrepressed2(GCN2)kinase.Inturn,GCN2phosphorylatesthetranslationinitiationfactor2α(eIF2α)onserine51,triggeringtranslationalupregulationofactivatingtranscriptionfactor(ATF)4(4).ATF4itselfupregulatestheexpressionofaminoacidtransportersasameansofrestoringintracellularaminoacidlevels(5).Therefore,understandinghowaminoacidtransportersregulateintracellularleucinelevels,andgeneratingnovelinhibitorsofthesetransporters,mayleadtopotentsuppressorsofmTORC1signaling.
ThetwodistinctfamiliesofLATsare1)solutecarrier7(SLC7)members(LAT1/SLC7A5andLAT2/SLC7A8),whichmediateNa+-independentneutralaminoacidexchangeasheterodimerswiththe4F2cell-surfaceantigenheavychain(4F2hc/SLC3A2/CD98)glycoprotein(6,7);and2)SLC43proteins(LAT3/SLC43A1andLAT4/SLC43A2)thatmediateNa+-independentuniportofneutralaminoacids(8,9).AlthoughtheexpressionofeachLATmembervariesdramaticallyindifferenttissues,thesetransportersarecommonlyupregulatedincancer.IncreasedLAT1expressionhasbeendetectedinlungcancer,coloncancer,breastcancer,headandneckcancer,genitalcancers,andsofttissuesarcomas(10–12).WeandothershaveshownthatLAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedinprostatecancer(11–14),withLAT1expressionincreasedinmetastasiscomparedwithprimarycancer(10,12).
WehypothesizedthatinhibitionofLAT1andLAT3mayofferaneffectivetherapeuticapproachforprostatecancer.
另外在八版生理248页第二段，近端小管后半段氯离子通过氯离子碳酸氢根交换体被重吸收，此时小管液中氯离子浓度大于周围组织液氯离子浓度，所以也有细胞旁途径顺浓度被动重吸收，然而资料上的总结和题目里都是说氯离子在近端小管的重吸收为被动重吸收，感觉有些糊涂。希望来个大神指点一二。
转运体是介导分子或离子转运跨过生物膜的物质。通常是蛋白质或酶。说得简单一点就是“运输工具”
受体是能与细胞外专一信号分子（配体）结合引起细胞反应的蛋白质。受体与配体结合即发生分子构象变化，从而引起细胞反应，如介导细胞间信号转导、细胞间黏合、细胞胞吞等细胞过程。它起的是“传达员” 的作用
1、被动转运（顺梯度转运）：药物依赖于膜两侧的浓度差，从高浓度的一侧向低浓度的一侧扩散转运的过程。大多数药物属于被动转运。
（1）特点：不需要载体，不消耗能量，无饱和现象和竞争性抑制。
（2）影扩散速度的因素：
①膜两侧的药物浓度差。
②药物的理化性质：分子量小、脂溶性大、极性小、非解离型的药物易通过生物膜转运，反之难跨膜转运。
2、主动转运：是一种逆浓度（或电位）差的转运。
特点：需要载体，消耗能量，有饱和现象和竞争性抑制。
