Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant and primary carrier of the required energy for various functions in cells. Prolonged ischemia, reperfusion, anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation can lead to a dramatic decrease of ATP, cell swelling, cell rupture, and finally cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Due to drastic hydrolysis of ATP in vivo by ectoenzymes and poor cellular penetration, the direct delivery of ATP to the ischemic tissues is difficult.
To increase delivery of ATP to the tissues and protect from enzymatic degradation, encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed and demonstrated in various models of ischemia [1,2]. Studies on myocardial [1,3,4], liver [5-8], retina [9] and wound healing [10-12] ischemia have shown the ability of liposomal encapsulated ATP to prevent cell death and tissue dysfunction following ischemic events.
The encapsulation of ATP in liposomes markedly promotes its effectiveness by preventing the hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes, increasing ATP circulation time and enhancing its intracellular penetration. Depending on the type of the cell line and the target organ various types of liposomes with different surface charges such as anionic, cationic and neutral has been studied by various groups. Moreover, ATP encapsulated liposomes has been demonstrated to improve energy state and function of the cold-stored liver [6,7,13].
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1、直接竞争,标记抗原,与检测样品中的抗原竞争抗体。
2、间接竞争,标记抗体,固相抗原与液相抗原(样品)竞争标记抗体。
3、定义
间接竞争法的模型:包被抗原,用HRP-抗体与样本一起加入。样本中的Ag与Solid-Ag竞争HRP-Ab,固相吸附的HRP-Ab与样本中的Ag浓度成反比。
直接竞争法的模型:包被抗体,用HRP-抗原与样本一起加入。样本中的Ag与HRP-Ag竞争Solid-Ab,固相吸附的HRP-Ag与样本中的Ag浓度成反比。
4、竞争法的理论基础:是限量抗体。只有在限量抗体基础上,两种抗原才会形成竞争关系。
5、、间接竞争法具备较高灵敏度原因。
直接竞争法里,标记抗原与待测抗原均是液相,与抗体的结合机会是一样的,例如有1份标记抗原与1份待测抗原竞争1份抗体,那么有50%的标记抗原能与抗体结合,所以标记抗原的相对结合率为50%。间接法里,固相抗原与抗体的接触面积较小,固相抗原与待测抗原的结合抗体机会是不平等的,接近顺序饱和法,即只有与待测抗原结合剩余的抗体才会与固相抗原结合,同样有1份固相抗原与1份待测抗原竞争1份抗体时,基本上抗体会被待测抗原中和掉,与固相抗原结合的抗体非常少。固相抗原的相对结合率为0%。因此,间接法的抑制曲线斜率会大于竞争法。
因为抑制率越大则斜率越大,从而灵敏度越大。(假设零管变异5%,以两倍SD为灵敏度限,则为90%相对结合率,则间接法可以在较低的待测抗原浓度达到这一相对结合率,因此灵敏度要高。)
在进行系统放大时,间接法一般可以使用酶标二抗。因为二抗可以针对抗体的多个部位,所以存在放大效应,从而能提高间接法的灵敏度。直接法一般难以进行放大,常用的有生物 素化抗原与酶标亲和素,但模式上似乎不存在放大效应。
6、间接法的高灵敏度难以实现的原因:
双抗体 夹心的免放(IRMA)模式刚出现时,也被模型证明灵敏度优于竞争法的放免(RIA),原因也是较大的斜率,但是IRMA的高灵敏度一直到单抗发展后才得以实现。
GM实验:试剂说明书上要求20分钟显色,10分钟的时候看一下,差不多就可以加终止液,但是我的标曲显色特别快,2分钟最低浓度蓝色就就深了,此时样本颜色还很浅很浅,我只能一块儿加终止液。所以,标曲显色过快,可能是什么原因?
(ps:第一列是标曲,后面是样本)