
Description:

Rapid,sensitiveandpreciseprobe-basedqPCRdetectionandquantitationoftargetDNAandCDNAsequences.
Probe-basedquantitativePCR(qPCR)usesreal-timefluorescencereleasedupon5´→3´exonucleasecleavageofaquenched,target-specificprobetomeasureDNAamplificationateachcycleofaPCR.Atapointwherethefluorescencesignalissignificantlydetectableoverthebackgroundfluorescence,aquantificationcycleorCqvaluecanbedetermined.Cqvaluescanbeusedtoevaluaterelativetargetabundancebetweentwoormoresamplesortocalculateabsolutetargetquantitiesinreferencetoanappropriatestandardcurve,derivedfromaseriesofknowndilutions.
TheNEBLunaUniversalProbeqPCRMasterMixisa2Xreactionmixoptimizedforreal-timeqPCRdetectionandquantitationoftargetDNAsequencesusinghydrolysisprobes.ItcontainsHotStartTaqDNAPolymeraseandhasbeenformulatedwithauniquepassivereferencedyethatiscompatIBLeacrossavarietyofinstrumentplatforms(includingthosethatrequireahighorlowROXreferencesignal).ItalsofeaturesdUTPforcarryoverpreventionandanon-fluorescent,visibledyetomonitorreactionsetup.ThisdyedoesnotspectrallyoverlapfluorophorescommonlyusedforqPCRandwillnotinterferewithreal-timedetection.
Themastermixformulationissuppliedat2XconcentrationandcontainsallPCRcomponentsrequiredforamplificationandquantitationofDNAexceptprimers/probesandDNAtemplate.GenomicDNAorcDNAofinterestcanbequantitatedwithLunaqPCRandexistingaswellascommercialqPCRassayprimer/probesequencescanbeused.



LearnmoreaboutourcomprehensiveqPCR/RT-qPCRtestingand“dotsinboxes”datavisualization
Notes:
AssayDesignTheuseofqPCRprimerdesignsoftware(e.g.,Primer3)maximizesthelikelihoodofamplificationsuccesswhileminimizingnonspecificamplificationandprimerdimers.TargetswithbalancedGC/ATcontent(40–60%)tendtoamplifyefficiently.Wherepossible,entersufficientsequencearoundtheareaofinteresttopermitrobustprimerdesignandusesearchcriteriathatpermitcross-referenceagainstrelevantsequencedatabases(toavoidpotentialoff-targetamplification).ForcDNAtargets,itisadvisabletodesignprimersacrossknownsplicingsitesinordertopreventamplificationfromgenomicDNA.Conversely,primersdesignedtotargetintronicregionscanensureamplificationexclusivelyfromgenomicDNA.PrimerandProbeConcentrationFormosttargets,afinalconcentrationof400nMforeachprimerwillprovideoptimumperformance.Ifneeded,primerconcentrationscanbeoptimizedbetween200–900nM.Probeshouldbeincludedat200nMforbestresults.Probeconcentrationcanbeoptimizedintherangeof100–500nMifoptimizationofperformanceortargetfluorescencelevelisdesired.MultiplexingTodetectorquantitatemultipletargetsinthesameLunareaction,selectdifferentfluorophorescorrespondingtoseparatedetectionchannelsofthereal-timeinstrument.Include400nMofforwardandreverseprimerand200nMprobeforeachtargettobedetectedinthereaction,andadjustconcentrationsifnecessarybasedonperformance(primer200–900nM,probe100–500nM).WhenloADIngqPCRprotocolontothereal-timeinstrument,besuretoselecttheappropriateopticalchannels,assomeinstrumentshaveasinglechannelrecordingmodethatwouldpreventmultiplexdatacollectionandanalysis.ForROX-dependentinstruments,avoidROX-labeledprobes.Thefunctionalityoftheprimerandprobesetsshouldbetestedindividuallybeforeattemptingamultiplexreaction.Whendeterminingwhichfluorophorestoincludeinamultiplexreaction,besuretochoosecompatiblereporterdyesandquenchersthathavewellseparatedfluorescencespectraorexhibitminimaloverlap.AmpliconLengthToensuresuccessfulandconsistentqPCRresults,itisimportanttomaximizePCRefficiency.AnimportantaspectofthisisthedesignofshortPCRamplicons(typically70–200bp).Someoptimizationmayberequired(includingtheuseoflongerextensiontimes),fortargetsthatexceedthatrange.TemplatePreparationandConcentrationLunaqPCRiscompatiblewithDNAsamplespreparedthroughtypicalnucleicacidpurificationmethods.PreparedDNAshouldbestoredinanEDTA-containingbuffer(e.g.,1XTE)forlong-termstability,anddilutionsshouldbefreshlypreparedforaqPCRexperimentbydilutionintoeitherTEorwater.Generally,ausefulconcentrationofstandardandunknownmaterialwillbeintherangeof106copiesto1copy.ForgDNAsamplesfromlargegenomes(e.g.,human,mouse)arangeof50ng–1pgofgDNAistypical.Forsmallgenomes,adjustasnecessaryusing106 –1copyinputasanapproximaterange.Notethatforsinglecopydilutions,somesampleswillcontainmultiplecopiesandsomewillhavenone,asdefinedbythePoissondistribution.ForcDNA,usetheproductofareactioncontaining1μg–0.1pgstartingRNA.cDNAdoesnotneedtobepurifiedbeforeadditiontotheLunareactionbutshouldbedilutedatleast1:10intotheqPCR.ROXReferenceDyeSomereal-timeinstrumentsrecommendtheuseofapassivereferencedye(typicallyROX)toovercomewell-to-wellvariationsthatcouldbecausedbybubbles,smalldifferencesinvolume,andautofluorescencefromdustorparticulatesinthereaction.TheLunaUniversalProbeqPCRMasterMixisformulatedwithauniversalreferencedyethatiscompatiblewithavarietyofqPCRinstrumenttypes,includingthosethatusenopassivereferencenormalizationandthosethatusealoworhighconcentrationofpassivereferencedye(ROX).Therefore,noadditionalcomponentsarerequiredtoensurecompatibilitywiththeseinstruments.CarryoverContaminationPreventionqPCRisanextremelysensitivemethod,andcontaminationinnewqPCRassayswithproductsfrompreviousamplificationreactionscancauseavarietyofissuessuchasfalsepositiveresultsandadecreaseinsensitivity.Thebestwaytopreventthis“carryover”contaminationistopracticegoodlaboratoryproceduresandavoidopeningthereactionvesselpostamplification.However,toaccommodatesituationswhereadditionalanti-contaminationmeasuresaredesired,theLunaUniversalProbeqPCRMasterMixcontainsamixtureofdUTP/dTTPthatresultsintheincorporationofdUintotheDNAproductduringamplification.PretreatmentofqPCRexperimentswithuracilDNAglycosylase(UDG)willeliminatepreviously-amplifieduracil-containingproductsbyexcisingtheuracilbasetoproduceanon-amplifiableDNAproduct.TheuseofaThermolabileUDGisimportant,ascompleteinactivationoftheUDGisrequiredtopreventdestructionofnewlysynthesizedqPCRproducts.Toenablecarryoverprevention,0.025units/μlAntarcticThermolabileUDG(NEB#M0372)shouldbeaddedtothereactionmix.Tomaximizeeliminationofcontaminatingproducts,setuptheqPCRexperimentsatroomtemperatureorincludea10minuteincubationstepat25°Cbeforetheinitialdenaturationstep.ReactionSetupandCyclingConditionsDuetothehotstartnatureofthepolymerase,itisnotnecessarytopreheatthethermocyclerpriortouseorsetupreactionsonice.For96-wellplates,werecommendafinalreactionvolumeof20μl.For384-wellplates,afinalreactionvolumeof10μlisrecommended.Whenprogramminginstrumentcyclingconditions,ensureaplatereadisincludedattheendoftheextensionstep,andadenaturation(melt)curveaftercyclingiscompletetoanalyzeproductspecificity.Amplificationfor40cyclesissufficientformostapplications,butforverylowinputsamples45cyclesmaybeused.ebiomall.com






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说得简单点就是,细胞核是原封不动的,没有重组过,而细胞核外的东西是很多别的细胞中提取出来的并组合起来的。这样的混合体淋巴细胞产生的抗体具有很强的嵌合能力,针对性比一般的抗体强,但是它的来源没变,所以称之为混合单克隆抗体
羊多抗免疫步骤和兔多抗免疫步骤一样的,周期也是一样的,就是免疫的部位不同,羊的免疫部位是:羊的小腿内侧皮下。采血部位是:颈静脉;放血部位是:颈静脉;最后收集血的部位:颈动脉。希望对你有帮助。
抗体的特异性鉴定 抗体的特异性是指与相应抗原或近似抗原物质的识别能力。抗体的特异性高,它的识别能力就强。衡量特异性通常以交叉反应率来表示。交叉反应率可用竞争抑制试验测定。以不同浓度抗原和近似抗原分别做竞争抑制曲线,计算各自的结合率,求出各自在 IC50时的浓度,并按下列公式计算交叉反应率。 如果所用抗原浓度IC50浓度为pg/管,而一些近似抗原物质的IC50浓度几乎是无穷大时,表示 这一抗血清与其他抗原物质的交叉反应率近似为 0,即该血清的特异性较好。
抗体的亲和力 是指抗体和抗原结合的牢固程度。亲和力的高低是由抗原分子的大小、抗体分子的结合位点与抗原决定簇之间立体构型的合适度决定的。有助于维持抗原抗体复合物稳定的分子间力有氢键、疏水键、侧链相反电荷基因的库仑力、范德华力和空间斥力。亲和力常以亲和常数K表示,K的单位是L/mol,通常K的范围在 108 ~1010 /mol,也有多达 1014 /mol。抗体亲和力的测定对抗体的筛选,确定抗体的用途,验证抗体的均一性等均有重要意义。向左转|向右转
一般来说多克隆的阳性率高一些,但出现假阳性的比例也高一些。
没有marker,怎么知道你做的蛋白大小?
没有参照物,怎么知道你跑的快不快?
没有尺子,怎么知道你的size大小?
凭嘴说吗?
1取组织
(1) 灌注固定:暴露心脏,将注射针头插入左心室,剪开右心耳,快速灌注PBS,待右心耳处流出澄清液体,换4%多聚甲醛灌注到大鼠四肢强直为止,快速取脑和肾。
(2) 固定:将组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定15小时
(3) 脱水:将组织放入30% 蔗糖溶液中直至下沉
(4) 切片:脑组织冰冻切片20微米,37度烘干2h以上;
(5)将切片放置-80度保存,随用随取。
2免疫单标记
(1)做抗原修复(0.4g柠檬酸、3g柠檬酸钠、1000ml水配制成溶液,放到水浴箱中90~94℃保存15min),冷却后, 用1*PBS反复洗标本10min,吸去PBS,同时向标本加渗透液(配0.4%trition液,然后将BSA加入到配好的trition液中,配成1%浓度)100ul,常温下湿盒反应1h。
(2) 吸去渗透液,同时向标本加block液(5%封闭用正常山羊血清)100ul,常温下湿盒反应5h。
(3) 吸去block液,同时向标本加入1:50稀释的羊抗鼠一抗100ul,37度湿盒反应过夜。
(4)吸去一抗,并回收,用1*PBS洗液反复洗15min。
(5)快速从冰箱中取出驴抗羊的二抗,并立即用锡纸包裹,注入到一个新的以锡纸包裹的tube管中并用PBS以1:200稀释。
(6)进入暗室,吸去PBS,同时加入二抗100ul,37度湿盒反应2h,封片。
(7)放置到荧光显微镜下观察。
多抗,稀释度更大,特异性相对较差,容易出现多条带。
兔的单克隆抗体和鼠的单克隆抗体在使用上不会有什么区别。
用来很多抗体,许多时候觉得单抗多抗也未必是理论上那样的。单抗做不好的也有,多抗条带唯一且清晰的也有。
而且很多蛋白的抗体未必有那么多的选择。

