- Description
- Additional Information
- Readable Documents
- Assay Principle
- Reviews
Key Benefits
- Cell permeability allow direct measurement of apoptosis and mitochondrial potential in live cells.
- Applications – Cells can be analyzed by Flow Cytometry, Fluorescent plate reader or Fluorescent microscopy.
- Incubate for 15 minutes, wash and measure.
- Add this reagent directly to live cells in your media of choice.
Additional information
| Kit Size | 100 |
|---|
Detection of the mitochondrial permeability transition event provides an early indication of the initiation of cellular apoptosis. This process is typically defined as a collapse in the electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, as measured by the change in the membrane potential (YD). Loss of mitochondrial (YD) is indicative of apoptosis and can be detected by a unique fluorescent cationic dye, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl- benzamidazolocarbocyanin iodide, commonly known as JC-1. This dye has been incorporated into the user-friendly kit for the simple and reproducible detection of the membrane potential (YD) event in apoptotic cells. The kit has been formatted for use on Flow cytometers, Fluorescent plate readers and Fluorescent Microscopes
Fig (A). Jurkat cells were cultured with DMSO for 2 hours. Cells were then stained with JC-1 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Detection Kit for 15 minutes and analyzed by flow cytometry.
Fig (B). urkat cells were cultured with staurosporine for 2 hours. Cell were then stained with JC-1 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Detection Kit for 15 minutes and analyzed by flow cytometry.
| Document Title |
| JC1Protocol |
| JC1 Datasheet |
| msds.JC100 |
| Title | File | Link | Author(s) | Journal | Year; Edition:Pages |
| http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/199/4/547 | http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/199/4/547 | ||||
| Defects in Cell Growth Regulation by C 18:0-Ceramide and Longevity Assurance Gene 1 (LAG1) in Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC) | Serap Koybasi, Can E. Senkal, Kamala Sundararaj, et al | JBC Papers in Press | Published on August 17, 2004 as Manuscript M406920200 | ||
| Effects of a series of organosulfur compounds on mitotic arrest and induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells | http://mct.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/4/9/1388 | Danhua Xiao, John T. Pinto, Gregg G. Gundersen & Bernard Weinstein | Mol Cancer Ther | 2005;4:1388-1398 | |
| Adrenergic receptor-stimulated apoptosis in adult cardiac myocytes involves MMP-2-mediated disruption of β1 integrin signaling and mitochondrial pathway | http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/1/C254 | Bindu Menon,Mahipal Singh, Robert Ross, Jennifer N. Johnson and Krishna Singh | Am J Physiol Cell Physiol | 290: C254-C261, 2006. First published September 7, 2005 | |
| SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake protects intestinal epithelial cells against LPS-induced apoptosis and barrier defects: a novel cellular rescue mechanism? | http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/13/1822 | Linda C. H. Yu Andrew N. Flynn, Jerrold R. Turner and Andre G. Buret | The FASEB Journal | 2005;19:1822-1835 | |
| Ceramide induces mitochondrial abnormalities in insulin-secreting INS-1 cells: Potential mechanisms underlying ceramide-mediated metabolic dysfunction of the β cell | http://www.springerlink.com/content/t3g0p313518r2747/ | R. Veluthakal, R. Palanivel Y. Zhao, P. McDonald, S. Gruber and A. Kowluru | Apoptosis Journal | Vol 10/No 4, Aug 2005 | |
| Opposing effects of bovine papillomavirus type 1 E6 and E7 genes on Fas-mediated apoptosis | http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v24/n24/abs/1208542a.html | Yun Liu, Zhiguo Liu, Hua Gao, You Zhou, Elliot J Androphy and Jason J Chen | Oncogene | (March 2005) 24, 3942–3953 | |
| Resveratrol-caused apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells is mediated via modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3"-kinase/Akt pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins | http://mct.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/5/1335 | Moammir H. Aziz,Minakshi Nihal, Vivian X. Fu, David F.Jarrard and N Ahmad | Mol Cancer Ther | 2006;5:1335-1341 |
| Reference |
| Desagher, S., Osen-Sand, A., Nichols, A., Eskes, R., Montessuit, S., Lauper, S., Maundrell, K., Antonsson, B., and Martinou, J.C. Bid-induced conformational change of Bax is responsible for mitochondrial cytochrome c release during apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 144 (5): 891-901 (1999). |
| Narita, M., Shimizu, S., Ito, T., Chittenden, T., Lutz, R. J., Matsuda, H., and Tsujimoto, Y. Bax interacts with the permeability transition pore to induce permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14681-14686 (1998). |
| Basanez, G., Nechushtan, A., Drozhinin, O., Chanturiya, A., Choe, E., Tutt, S., Wood, K. A., Hsu, Y. T., Zimmerberg, J., and Youle, R. J. Bax , but not Bcl-XL decreases the lifetime of planar phospholipid bilayer membranes at subnanomolar concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5492-5497 (1999). |
| Luo, X., Budihardio, I., Zou, H., Slaughter, C., and Wang, X. Bid, a Bcl-2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94: 481-490 (1998). |
| Smiley, S. T., Reers, M., Mottola-Hartshorn, C., Lin, M., Chen, A., Smith, T. W., Steele, G.D., and Chen, L. B. Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate forming lipophilic cation JC-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3671-3675 (1991). |
| Cossarizza, A., Baccarani-Contri, M., Kalashnikova, G., and Franceschi, C. A new method for the cytofluorimetric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using the J-aggregate forming lipophilic cation 5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197 (1): 40-45 (1993). |
| Reers, M., Smith, T. W., and Chen, L. B. J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantitative fluorescent indicator of membrane potential. Biochemistry 30: 4480-4486 (1991). |
| White, R. J., and Reynolds, I. J. Mitochondrial depolarization in glutamatestimulated neurons: an early signal specific to excitotoxin exposure. Journal of Neuroscience 16: 5688-5697 (1996). |
| Part# | Reagent | Temperature |
| Part# 4001 | Lyophilized JC-1 Dye | Store at 2-8C |
| Part# 3002 | 10X Assay Buffer | Store at 2-8C |
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数字PCR基本原理如下:
想请教大神们,怎样设计INT引物、MB-red探针以及MB-green探针?
荧光定量PCR较普通PCR不同的一点就是可以实时检测PCR扩增产物,从而可进行绝对定量或者相对定量。
Real time PCR(也称实时定量PCR)
定量PCR已经从基于凝胶的低通量分析发展到高通量的荧光分析技术,即实时定量PCR。实时荧光定量PCR技术于1996年由美国Applied Biosystems公司推出,由于该技术不仅实现了PCR从定性到定量的飞跃,而且与常规PCR相比,它具有特异性更强、有效解决PCR污染问题、自动化程度高等特点。实时定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR)是指在PCR指数扩增期间通过连续监测荧光信号强弱的变化来即时测定特异性产物的量,并据此推断目的基因的初始量,不需要取出PCR产物进行分离。目前实时定量PCR作为一个极有效的实验方法,已被广泛地应用于分子生物学研究的各个领域。
实时荧光定量PCR 技术的主要应用:
1. DNA 或RNA 的绝对定量分析:包括病原微生物或病毒含量的检测,转基因动植物转基因拷贝数的检测,RNAi 基因失活率的检测等
2. 基因表达差异分析:例如比较经过不同处理样本之间特定基因的表达差异(如药物处理、物理处理、化学处理等 ),特定基因在不同时相的表达差异以及cDNA 芯片或差显结果的确证
3. 基因分型:例如SNP 检测,甲基化检测等
Realtime PCR 常用的两种方法分别为:Sybr green(荧光染料掺入法) 和Taqman probe (探针法)
SYBR green
在PCR反应体系中,加入过量SYBR荧光染料,SYBR荧光染料特异性地掺入DNA双链后,发射荧光信号,而不掺入链中的SYBR染料分子不会发射任何荧光信号,从而保证荧光信号的增加与PCR产物的增加完全同步。
此方法适用:
1、灵敏度高:使用SYBR可使荧光效果增强到1000倍以上
2、通用性好,不需要设计探针,方法简便,省时,价格低廉。
3、通用型方法,在国内外科研中普遍使用。
4、高通量大规模的定量PCR检测
5、专一性要求不高的定量PCR检测。
Taqman Probe
PCR扩增时在加入一对引物的同时加入一个特异性的荧光探针,该探针为一寡核苷酸,两端分别标记一个报告荧光基团和一个淬灭荧光基团。探针完整时,报告基团发射的荧光信号被淬灭基团吸收;PCR扩增时,Taq酶的5’-3’外切酶活性将探针酶切降解,使报告荧光基团和淬灭荧光基团分离,从而荧光监测系统可接收到荧光信号,即每扩增一条DNA链,就有一个荧光分子形成,实现了荧光信号的累积与PCR产物形成完全同步
此方法适用:
1、具有高适应性和可靠性,实验结果稳定重复性好,特异性更高。
2、适用于扩增序列专一的体系的检测。
3、样品中靶基因含量过低的定量PCR检测。
4、靶基因的特异序列较短,无论怎样优化引物设计条件都不能解决。
5、存在与靶基因同源的序列,在PCR中容易出现非特异性扩增,对特异性要求较高的定量。
6、广泛用于人类传染病的诊断和病原定量,在动物病原体基因的检测,畜禽产品的检验检疫,生物制品的鉴定。
目前各家仪器公司推出自己的数字PCR,目前市场主流的是三家,1、LIFETechnologies3D数字PCR(芯片式数字PCR):我个人认为是微孔数字PCR,主要是将20ul反应体系分散到20000个微孔中进行反应,变成20000个反应体系,PCR反应结束后,采用CCD拍照,数阳性反应孔。2、Bio-Rad的微滴数字PCR(油包水原理):将20ul反应体系采用液滴反应器形成20000个油包水反应体系,PCR反应结束后,才有流式细胞术的原理,检测每一个液体,数阳性反应的液滴数量。3、RainDance的数字PCR(油包水原理)、原理与伯乐微滴数字PCR相同,但是其液体形成能力比伯乐强很多,理论上可以产生1000万个小油滴。价格从高到底:Raindance、Bio-Rad、LIFETechnologies。目前本人使用的是Bio-RadQX200、正在做实验室,希望广数字PCR的使用者可以相互交流,相互解答疑问,更好的利用数字PCR。
核酸扩增是核酸分子诊断的关键技术。根据核酸扩增反应中温度变化要求,可以将核酸扩增技术分为两大类:一类是PCR核酸扩增技术,另一类是核酸恒温扩增技术。
PCR技术是指通过控制温度的变化来实现DNA扩增的三个步骤:模板变性(如95℃)-引物杂交(如58℃)-DNA合成(如72℃)。这种温度变化的循环重复(如重复35次)过程通常由精密而复杂的仪器(PCR仪)来控制。核酸恒温扩增技术(NucleicAcidIsothermalAmplification,NAIA)则是扩增反应的全过程均在同一温度下进行,不须象PCR反应那样需要经历几十个温度变化的循环过程。这一特点使得它们对扩增所需仪器的要求大大简化,反应时间大大缩短,因而具有巨大的应用价值,成为分子诊断行业发展中的热点。
目前的NAIA技术主要有滚环扩增技术(RollingCircleAmplification,RCA)、转录酶扩增技术(TranscriptionMediatedAmplification,TMA)、依赖核酸序列扩增技术(NucleicAcidSequenceBasedAmplification,NASBA)、链置换扩增技术(stranddisplacementamplification,SDA)、环介导的等温扩增技术(Loop-MediatedIsothermalAmplification,LAMP)、解链酶扩增技术(HelicaseDependentAmplification,HDA)。上述各种核酸扩增技术均由国外公司所拥有。
交叉引物扩增技术(CrossingPrimingAmplification,CPA)是完全由优思达公司独立研发成功的一种新的核酸恒温扩增技术,也是中国首个具有自主知识产权的核酸扩增技术。CPA与优思达公司其他技术相结合(如快速核酸提取技术、核酸试纸条检测技术等),形成一个完整的现场快速分子检测平台,可以开发出众多恒温扩增检测试剂盒,广泛应用于分子诊断、防疫检疫、生物医学研究、个体化治疗等领域。该技术已申请中国和美国发明专利,在美国《MolecularDiagnostics》等杂志发表论文二篇,并通过了比尔?盖茨基金会资助申请。
CPA扩增体系中除包含具有链置换功能的BstDNA聚合酶外,还主要包括扩增引物和两条交叉引物。这些寡聚核苷酸链能依靠BstDNA聚合酶的高活性的链置换特性,使DNA的循环扩增能不断的实现。CPA扩增主要包含以下几个步骤:
交叉正向引物CPF中的PFs与模板DNA中PFa互补,启动DNA合成,使得PRa被引入到所扩增的产物中;
外围引物DP1s与PFa前端DP1a序列互补,通过链置换型DNA聚合酶向前延伸,一边置换CPF合成的能与CPR和DP2a结合的单链产物(结构3),一边与模板DNA形成双链产物(结构2);
在结构3中,DP2a通过链置换型DNA聚合酶向前延伸,置换出由CPR所延伸的单链产物(结构5),同时合成与步骤2中由CPF延伸所产生单链DNA形成双链产物(结构4),而结构5相对起始的DNA模板,多了PRs和PFs两个片段序列;
单链结构5中的3’端的PFa和PRs可分别与CPF中的PFs和CPR中的PRa互补结合,可在链置换型DNA聚合酶的作用下延伸和置换出相应的单链产物。延伸产物相对结构5来说又增加了一个PFs区域(结构8);
因此,扩增引物CPF和CPR的不断杂交和延伸,不仅使得结构5的长度不断的加长,从而引入更多CPF和CPR3’端互补区域,同时也置换出了各种可与CPF和CPR3’端互补的单链产物;
通过CPF和CPR的不断杂交延伸和DNA聚合酶的链置换作用,使得DNA拷贝数不断的增加,从而达到基因扩增的效果。
使用本装置提取临床生物样品的核酸成本低廉,只需几分钟,可以应用于现场检测或实验资源较少的基层医院和经济不发达地区;同时也可以满足大医院特定情况下的需求,如急诊或床边的核酸快速诊断。该技术已申请发明专利,并取得盖茨基金会研发资助。
CPA基本原理如下:
图2CPA扩增的反应原理图
与目前广泛使用的荧光PCR技术相比较,CPA技术有以下几个优点:
反应速度快:反应时间约1小时,使试剂盒可用于检验检疫、突发性传染病的检测与监控现场检测或医院的床边诊断(Point-of-Testing,POCT);
检测成本低:目前荧光光定量PCR仪价格昂贵,无法在很多中小医院普及。CPA扩增只需要离心机和一台简单的恒温装置,如普通的水浴锅、金属浴,即可进行扩增。
操作简单:对操作人员的技能要求不高,绝大多数人通过简单培训或自学都可掌握,为核酸检测试剂的广泛应用创造了条件。

