![SMOBIO/[PM2700] ExcelBand™ 3-color Broad Range Protein Marker (3.5-245 kDa), 250 μl x 2/3.5-245 kDa), 250 μl x 2</span>
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Description
The PM2700 ExcelBand™ 3-color Broad Range Protein Marker is a ready-to-use three-color protein standard with 13 pre-stained proteins covering a wide range of molecular weights from 5 to 245 kDa in Tris-Glycine buffer (3.5 kDa to 235 kDa in Bis-Tris (MOPS) buffer and Bis-Tris (MES) buffer). Proteins are covalently coupled with a blue chromophore except for two reference bands (one green and one red band at 25 kDa and 75 kDa, respectively) when separated on SDS-PAGE (Tris-Glycine buffer). The PM2700 ExcelBand™ 3-color Broad Range Protein Marker is designed for monitoring protein separation during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, verification of Western transfer efficiency on membranes (PVDF, nylon, or nitrocellulose) and for approximating the size of proteins.
Features
Ready-to-use — Premixed with a loading buffer for direct loading, no need to boil.
Two reference bands — 75 kDa (red) and 25 kDa (green)
Contents
Approximately 0.1~0.4 mg/ml of each protein in the buffer (20 mM Tris-phosphate (pH 7.5), 2% SDS, 0.2 mM DTT, 3.6 M urea, and 15% (v/v) glycerol).
Quality Control
Under suggested conditions, PM2700 ExcelBand™ 3-color Broad Range Protein Marker resolves 13 major bands in SDS-PAGE (Bis-Tris gel, MES buffer) and after Western blotting to nitrocellulose membrane.
Storage
4°C for 3 months-20°C for 24 months
Specification
Cat. No. | PM2700 |
Series Name | ExcelBand™ |
Product Size | 2 x 250 μl |
MW Range | 5 – 245 kDa |
Band Number | 13 |
Band Color | Red/Green/Blue |
Markered Bands | 25, 75 kDa |
Manual
Manual_PM2700_ExcelBand™ 3-color Broad Range Protein Marker
SDS
SDS_PM2700
Migration patterns and approximate MWs (kDa)
Why are there contrasting results in molecular weights after using different brands of protein markers?
A.Different proteins even with similar molecular weights would exhibit apparent disparity from the resulting SDS PAGE due to the difference in the composition of the protein’s amino acids (e.g. gelatin). The reason for the disparity is due to the amino acids composition that affects the binding of the protein and SDS. Therefore, we can say that protein marker is a handy tool to estimate molecular weight, but there is no absolute molecular weight standard.
B.While running SDS-PAGE, protein mobility can be affected by the composition of the buffer used, gel percentage, the voltage used, running time, as well as if there is a pre-run.
C.Another recommendation for high molecular weight proteins is to prolong the running time to clarify the relative location of bands.
Protein marker Retention Period: Mentioned -20°C and over 2 years. Is it available for 30 months or 36 months? Have you tested this period?
Yes, we have tested our PM2700. The results showed that the PM2700 is stable at -20℃ for at least two years. It has also shown strong performance for more than 36 months under our careful storage. However, we must only suggest a 2 year retention period for the following reasons: There may be a variation in the environment in storage, and improper use may lead to accumulated damage to the proteins and therefore reduce its retention period.
How many times of freezing and thawing are available for protein markers? If it uses 5 μL per load, would the total usage quantity be 50 times x 2 (250 μL x 2 tube)?
Yes, 100 uses (5 μL each time) can be expected if freezing and thawing are conducted carefully and properly at the appropriate temperature. Before each use, make sure the protein marker is thoroughly thawed.
Do you have data comparison for protein molecular weight’s precision with other protein markers?
Yes. Usually, pre-stained marker is written on “estimated molecular weight” for caution. It is known that the analysis of protein size by an SDS-PAGE is only for “estimation” because of the intrinsic variation of amino acid composition in all proteins including stained and non-stained ones. For example, a protein which is highly hydrophilic might show a particular higher position in the SDS-PAGE analysis when compared to a hydrophobic one. We did compare the migration patterns of SMOBIO’s Protein Markers with other brands, and we concluded that it was difficult to define “precision” due to the reasons mentioned above. Therefore, in the product description, we suggest our users to calibrate the MW against their interested proteins. Although it is impossible to define "precision" for molecular weight of proteins in SDS-PAGE, we did compare the migration pattern of pre-stained markers with unstained protein marker (Invitrogen MARK12) for calibration. It is concluded that the estimated molecular weight of SMOBIO’s pre-stained marker shows a curve matching well with that of unstained native proteins (MARK12), representing a good estimation of the MW of each pre-stained protein in the SDS-PAGE analysis.
Will SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder be washed out during Western blotting process?
SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder will be only slightly washed out during Western blotting process. However, the excess of Tween-20 (more than 0.2%) in washing buffer will affect SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder on the transfer membrane.
Here are suggestions for Western blotting process:1. Transfer SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder to membrane with transfer buffer containing 20% methanol to fix SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder on membrane. 2. Wash membrane with PBS or TBS containing less than 0.1% Tween-20.
Will SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder be affected by the stripping/deprobing process with the presence of β-Mercaptoethanol (β-ME)?
In normal circumstances, the presence of βME during the stripping/deprobing process will only slightly affect SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder. However, the presence of Tween-20 on PVDF membrane during the stripping/deprobing process has adverse effects on SMOBIO’s Protein Markers/Ladder.
Here are suggestions for Western stripping/deprobing process:
1. Wash the PVDF membrane in methanol for 5~10 minutes prior to the stripping/deprobing process to mitigate the adverse effect of Tween-20.2. Recommended stripping buffer (for 1 L): 15 g glycine, 1 g SDS, 10 mL Tween 20. Dissolve in 800 mL distilled water. Adjust pH to 2.2 Bring volume up to 1 L with distilled waterUnraveling the novel effects of aroma from small molecules in preventing hen egg white lysozyme amyloid fibril formation
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ExcelBand™ Protein Markers
Ready-to-use— premixed with a loading buffer for direct loading, no need to boil
Broad range— 310 kDa to 5 kDa
Pre-stained bands — for monitoring protein separation during electrophoresis and Western blotting transferring efficiency on membrane
Enhanced bands— for quick reference
YesBlot™ Western Marker I
Ready-to-use — no need of mixing or heating before sample loading
Direct visualization — 10 IgG-binding proteins for direct visualization on Western blots
Pre-stained bands — 4 pre-stained proteins for monitoring protein separation during electrophoresis and Western blotting transferring efficiency on membrane
Wide range — 10 clear bands from 15 to 200 kDa for size estimation
Quick reference — two enhanced bands (30 and 80 kDa)
Q-PAGE™ Precast Gels
User-friendly gel cassette:
Numbered and framed wells for sample loading
Labeled warning sign and green tape as reminder
Enhanced gel performance:
Enhanced gel electrophoresis speed
Better band separation
Stable for shipping at ambient temperature
Easy compatibility:
Available as homogeneous and adjusted gradient gels for a wide range of protein separation.
Compatible with most popular protein electrophoresis systems
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对在动物体内发生免疫反响而言，大多数多肽的分子量都太小。将多肽与载体蛋白如KLH等交联以后，不仅能添加抗原的巨细，也能增强免疫性。咱们能够提供与KLH和BSA两种蛋白的交联。大多数客户挑选与KLH交联，由于KLH的免疫性非常好，而且BSA在许多试验中作为Blocking试剂，由于动物体内既会发生对多肽的抗体也会发生对载体蛋白的抗体，这么会呈现假阳性。
二、抗体的运用
由于抗体与许多生物分子，以蛋白和多肽等尤为明显，有很强的联系才能，抗体在生物医学研讨中占据共同的主要位置，在对蛋白的特性、含量的测定、散布状况的分析和蛋白的确证等方面都需要用到抗体。例如：确诊试剂盒如早孕试剂盒等，蛋白microalloy、immunohistochemistry 和普通的ELISA试验等。由于抗体有对特定分子很强的联系才能的特点，用抗体进行体内医治成了许多尽力的方向。成功的典范包含Genetech的Herceptin,用于医治一类特殊的乳腺癌和IDEC药业公司的Ritaxan，用于特定类型的Non-Hodgkin`s Lymphomas B-细胞。
三、抗原和辨认区域
大多数状况下，antigen和immunogen两个字是能够交换运用的，它们的差别是很小的。他们是别离指一个分子与免疫系统之间的两种类型的相互作用。一个immunogen是指能使一个生物组织的免疫系统发生免疫反响的分子，而一个antigen是指能与这种免疫反响的产品联系的分子，所以immunogen一定是antigen，但antigen纷歧定是immunogen，咱们这儿通用antigen，特指能与免疫反响的产品—抗体联系的分子。 辨认区域（epitopes）是指一个抗原分子中一个与抗体直接联系的一段特定的序列，关于任何抗原（抗原蛋白），很有可能有多个抗体辨认区域，对出产抗体而言，易于抗体辨认的部位的辨认区域最为理想。
四、进行KLH交联的化学办法
我们用MBS活化KLH，这么能将载体蛋白（KLH）上面的自在-SH与多肽末端的Cys的侧链-SH连接起来，这种办法直接，特异性高，而且安稳，一般挑选对免疫不主要的一端进行交联。 EDC活化载体上的-COOH，将载体的-COOH和多肽的-NH2连接起来也是一种可行的办法。但咱们只主张在多肽序列中有多个Cys时采用该办法。如果肽链中含有多个-COOH或-NH2基因，不主张运用该办法，由于会构成多重点交联的状况，使多肽构造受影响。常用载体蛋白除KLH外，还有BSA，Ovalbumin等，构成KLH的优势是它不搅扰ELISA或Western Blot等试验。
五、对抗原多肽交联适宜的肽链长度
一般主张10-15个残基进行交联。肽链越长，抗体辨认的区域越多，但也就越多时机构成安稳的二级构造。就不再是天然的方式了。太短的肽一般是没有用的，除非有足够的理由，如与有关宗族蛋白或别的蛋白有序列同源性等。
六、KLH交联多肽溶液呈乳状的要素
KLH是一个很大的而且聚合的蛋白。由于它的构造和巨细，它在水中的溶解度是很有限的，因而是乳状，这并不影响它的免疫性，这种混浊的溶液能够直接免疫动物。
七、抗体的产值
抗体的产值取决于许多要素：辨认区域的挑选，多肽的合成，载体的交联，免疫的操作步骤和动物的生理系统等等，因而抗体的产值是不等的。5-25mg都归于正常规模。
许多食品属于乳胶体（冰淇淋、豆奶），蛋白质成分在稳定这些胶态体系中通常起着重要的作用。天然乳胶体靠脂肪球“这种“膜”由三酰甘油、磷脂、不溶性脂蛋白和可溶性蛋白的连续吸附层所构成。蛋白质一般对水/油（W/O）型乳胶液的稳定性较差。这可能是因为大多数蛋白质的强亲水性使大量被吸附的蛋白质分子位于界面的水相一侧。蛋白质的表面活性不仅与蛋白质中氨基酸的组成、结构、立体构象、分子中极性和非极性残基的分布与比例，二硫键的数目与交联，以及分子的大小、形状和柔顺性等内在因素有关，而且与外界因素，甚至加工操作有关。凡是能影响蛋白质构象和亲水性与疏水性的环境因素，诸如pH、温度、离子强度和盐的种类、界面的组成、蛋白质浓度、糖类和低分子量表面活性剂，能量的输入，甚至形成界面加工的容器和操作顺序等，都将影响蛋白质的表面活性。
2．起泡性
食品泡沫通常是气泡在连续的液相或含可溶性表面活性剂的半固相中形成的分散体系。种类繁多的泡沫其质地大小不同，例如蛋白质酥皮、蛋糕、棉花糖和某些其他糖果产品、点心顶端配料、冰淇淋、蛋奶酥、啤酒泡沫、奶油冻和面包等。大多数情况下，气体是空气或CO2，连续相是含蛋白质的水溶液或悬浊液。某些食品泡沫是很复杂的胶态体系，例如冰淇淋中存在分散的和群集的脂肪球（多数是固体）、乳胶体（或悬浊液）、分散的冰晶悬浮体，多糖凝胶、糖和蛋白质的浓缩溶液以及空气气泡。各种泡沫的气泡大小不相同，直径从1微米到几cm不等，气泡的大小取决于多种因素，例如，液相的表面张力和粘度、输入的能量，分布均匀的细微气泡可以使食品产生稠性、细腻和松软性，提高分散性和风味感。
3.凝胶性
变性的蛋白质分子聚集并形成有序的蛋白质网络结构过程称为胶凝作用。胶凝是蛋白 质的重要功能性质，在许多食品的制备中起着主要作用，包括各种乳品、果冻、凝结蛋白、明胶凝胶、各种加热的碎肉或鱼制品、大豆蛋白质凝胶、膨化或喷丝的组织化植物蛋白和面包面团的制作等，中国人喜爱的豆腐食品，就是大豆蛋白胶凝作用的产物。蛋白质胶凝作用不仅可用来形成固态粘弹性凝胶，而且还能增稠，提高吸水性和颗粒粘结、乳状液或泡沫的稳定性。
4．溶解度
大豆蛋白质在溶解状态下才能发挥其在食品体系中的功能特性。大豆蛋白质的溶解度是指大豆蛋白质以胶体的形式分散到水中的能力。蛋白质分子的极性表面和所带的净电荷有助于分散体系的稳定。大豆蛋白质的溶解度可以用可溶性氮指数(NSI)和蛋白质分散度指数(PDI)两种方法表示。影响大豆蛋白质溶解度的因素主要包括温度、pH和无机盐。
本人使用的Collagen是sigma公司的，TypeI,BovineCollagenSolution,浓度为6mg/ml，用浓度为1M的NaOH溶液进行中和。200微升Collagen用了30微升的NaOH溶液，在调PH过程中有絮状物质产生并有局部凝胶，然后将调好PH的Collagen放至细胞培养箱中进行培养，2个小时之后也没有凝胶。是NaOH溶液加多了还是没有搅拌均匀，现在还在摸索阶段，不知道具体该加多少NaOH，还有如何将溶液混合均匀是个问题。求大神指导
甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)有两种异构体:2，4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和2，6-甲苯二异氰酸酯。甲苯二异氰酸酯是水白色或淡黄色液体，具有强烈的刺激性气味，在人体中具有积聚性和潜伏性，对皮肤、眼睛和呼吸道有强烈刺激作用，吸入高浓度的甲苯二异氰酸酯蒸气会引起支气管炎、支气管肺炎和肺水肿;液体与皮肤接触可引起皮炎。液体与眼睛接触可引起严重刺激作用，如果不加以治疗，可能导致永久性损伤。长期接触甲苯二异氰酸酯可引起慢性支气管炎。对甲苯二异氰酸酯过敏者，可能引起气喘、伴气喘、呼吸困难和咳嗽。
与乙醚、二甘醇、丙酮、四氯化碳、苯、氯苯、煤油、橄榄油混溶。能与含羟基的化合物、水、胺和具有活泼氢原子的化合物反应生成氨基甲酸酯、脲、氨基脲等。甲苯用混酸硝化得到2,4-和2,6-二硝基甲苯，然后在镍催化剂存在下加氢还原得到2,4-和2,6-二氨基甲苯，再在氯苯溶液中与光气反应制得。主要作为聚氨酯树脂的生产原料，用于生产聚氯酯泡抹塑料、涂料、橡胶、粘合剂、密封剂等。也可用作橡胶硫化剂、蛋白质交联剂等。包括泡沫塑料;聚氨酯涂料;聚氨酯橡胶;聚酰亚胺纤维和胶粘剂等也有一些应用。有2，4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和2，6-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)两种异构体。按两种异构体含量的不同，工业上有三种规格的产品:(1)TDI-65含2,4-TDI65%，2,6-TDI35%;(2)TDI-80含2,4-TDI80%，2,6-TDI20%，最为常见;(3)TDI-100含2,4-TDI100%。与水作用产生二氧化碳。易与含有活性氢原子的化合物作用。与二元醇作用而成线型聚氨基甲酸酯或聚氨酯树脂。
1。什么叫切断条件。是不是不能切断的话就不能释放出药物
2。透膜性是什么意思。是不是指如果药物要进入细胞内的话就要选有透膜性的交联剂
3。间臂长度是不是臂越长越好
4。iodinatable是什么意思
谢谢大家！
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多谢您的支持！
指在光、热、高能辐射、机械力、超声波和交联剂等作用下，大分子链间通过化学键联结起来，形成网状或体形结构高分子的过程。橡胶的硫化、不饱和树脂的交联、环氧树脂的熟化等都是化学交联的例子。通过化学交联可改善聚合物的性能。如聚乙烯的化学交联可提高其强度和耐热性，又如皮革的鞣制过程是利用其蛋白质分子与甲醛作用，生成交联桥，以至失去溶解性。
