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Description
Details
Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) is a carbohydrate epitope expressed upon the surface of early mouse embryos, murine embryonal carcinoma (EC), murine embryonic stem (ES), and murine and human germ (EG) cells. No immunoreactivity is evident with undifferentiated human EC and ES cells. Differentiation of human EC results in an increase in SSEA-1 expression, while in the mouse expression is diminished. SSEA-1 is associated with cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.
Sample Data
Figure A: FC analysis of SSEA-1 Antibody on mouse ES cells at a 1:100 dilution. Green histogram represents SSEA-1 Antibody and open histogram represents isotype control. A PE-conjugated anti-Mouse IgM was used as the secondary antibody. Figure B: ICC analysis on mouse ES cells. Cells were stained with SSEA-1 Antibody at a 1:100 dilution followed by an Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).
Details
Details
| Concentration | 0.5 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Species Reactivity | Human, Mouse |
| Host | Mouse Monoclonal |
| Clone | MC-480 |
| Isotype | IgM |
| Immunogen | F9 tetracarcinoma stem cells (X-irradiated) |
| Formulation | Aqueous buffer, 0.09% sodium azide. |
| Storage and Stability | Store at 2-8°C. Stable for 6 months from date of receipt when stored as directed. |
| Applications Tested | Flow Cytometry (FC), Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence (ICC/IF) |
| Recommended Dilutions | Flow Cytometry 1:100Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence 1:100It is recommended that the antibody be titrated for optimal performance for each application. |
| Alternative Names | CD15, Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 |
| References | Brambrink, T., et al. (2008) Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell Stem Cell 2: 151-159. PMID: 18371436Draper, J.S., et al. (2002) Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: changes upon differentiation in culture. J Anat 200: 249-258. PMID: 12033729 |
| Technical Documents | ST11013 Technical Data Sheet |
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硝酸根从根向地上部茎的长距离运输过程中首先要进行木质部的装载。台湾科学家发现NRT1.5是一个低亲和且依赖于pH的双向转运蛋白,位于质膜并在靠近木质部的中柱鞘细胞中表达,对于硝酸根在木质部的装载具有重要作用。
所以NRT1.5是双向性的转运蛋白
代谢通路:目前在通路数据库(PATHWAY database) 中代谢通路是建立得最好的,有大约90个参考代谢途径的图形。每个参考代谢途径是一个由酶或EC号组成的网络。
QianWang,JessamyTiffen,CharlesG.Bailey,MelanieL.Lehman,WilliamRitchie,LadanFazli,CynthiaMetierre,Yue(Julie)Feng,EstelleLi,MartinGleave,GrantBuchanan,ColleenC.Nelson,JohnE.J.Rasko,JeffHolst
Correspondenceto:JeffHolst,PhD,OriginsofCancerLaboratory,LockedBag6,Newtown,NSW2042Australia.(e-mail:j.holst@centenary.org.au).
BackgroundL-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)uptakeneutralaminoacidsincludingL-leucineintocells,stimulatingmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1signalingandproteinsynthesis.LAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedatdifferentstagesofprostatecancer,andtheyareresponsIBLeforincreasingnutrientsandstimulatingcellgrowth.
MethodsWeexaminedLAT3proteinexpressioninhumanprostatecancertissuemicroarrays.LATfunctionwasinhibitedusingaleucineanalog(BCH)inandrogen-dependentand-independentenvironments,withgeneexpressionanalyzedbymicroarray.APC-3xenograftmousemodelwasusedtostudytheeffectsofinhibitingLAT1andLAT3expression.ResultswereanalyzedwiththeMann-WhitneyUorFisherexacttests.Allstatisticaltestsweretwo-sided.
ResultsLAT3proteinwasexpressedatallstagesofprostatecancer,withastatisticallysignificantdecreaseinexpressionafter4–7monthsofneoadjuvanthormonetherapy(4–7monthmean=1.571;95%confidenceinterval=1.155to1.987vs0month=2.098;95%confidenceinterval=1.962to2.235;P=.0187).InhibitionofLATfunctionledtoactivatingtranscriptionfactor4–mediatedupregulationofaminoacidtransportersincludingASCT1,ASCT2,and4F2hc,allofwhichwerealsoregulatedviatheandrogenreceptor.LATinhibitionsuppressedM-phasecellcyclegenesregulatedbyE2Ffamilytranscriptionfactorsincludingcriticalcastration-resistantprostatecancerregulatorygenesUBE2C,CDC20,andCDK1.InsilicoanalysisofBCH-downregulatedgenesshowedthat90.9%arestatisticallysignificantlyupregulatedinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer.Finally,LAT1orLAT3knockdowninxenograftsinhibitedtumorgrowth,cellcycleprogression,andspontaneousmetastasisinvivo.
ConclusionInhibitionofLATtransportersmayprovideanoveltherapeutictargetinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer,viasuppressionofmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1activityandM-phasecellcyclegenes.
L-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)supplycellswithlargeneutralaminoacids,whicharenotonlyrequiredforproteinsynthesisbutalsocontributetovarioussignalingpathways.Intracellularleucinelevelsaresensedbytheleucyl-transferRNAsynthetase,previouslyknowntocatalyzetheadenosinetriphosphate–dependentligationofL-leucinetotransferRNAduringproteinsynthesis(1,2).Leucyl-transferRNAsynthetaseactivatestheRagguanosinetriphosphatasecomplexandbindstoRaptortoactivatemammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1(mTORC1)signalingonthesurfaceoflysosomes(1–3).Inthiswayleucineisnotonlyanessentialaminoacidbutactsasarate-limitingsignalingmoleculeinthemTORC1pathway.
Incellsdeprivedofaminoacids,thereisanaccumulationofunchargedtransferRNA,whichbindstoandactivatesthegeneralcontrolnonrepressed2(GCN2)kinase.Inturn,GCN2phosphorylatesthetranslationinitiationfactor2α(eIF2α)onserine51,triggeringtranslationalupregulationofactivatingtranscriptionfactor(ATF)4(4).ATF4itselfupregulatestheexpressionofaminoacidtransportersasameansofrestoringintracellularaminoacidlevels(5).Therefore,understandinghowaminoacidtransportersregulateintracellularleucinelevels,andgeneratingnovelinhibitorsofthesetransporters,mayleadtopotentsuppressorsofmTORC1signaling.
ThetwodistinctfamiliesofLATsare1)solutecarrier7(SLC7)members(LAT1/SLC7A5andLAT2/SLC7A8),whichmediateNa+-independentneutralaminoacidexchangeasheterodimerswiththe4F2cell-surfaceantigenheavychain(4F2hc/SLC3A2/CD98)glycoprotein(6,7);and2)SLC43proteins(LAT3/SLC43A1andLAT4/SLC43A2)thatmediateNa+-independentuniportofneutralaminoacids(8,9).AlthoughtheexpressionofeachLATmembervariesdramaticallyindifferenttissues,thesetransportersarecommonlyupregulatedincancer.IncreasedLAT1expressionhasbeendetectedinlungcancer,coloncancer,breastcancer,headandneckcancer,genitalcancers,andsofttissuesarcomas(10–12).WeandothershaveshownthatLAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedinprostatecancer(11–14),withLAT1expressionincreasedinmetastasiscomparedwithprimarycancer(10,12).
WehypothesizedthatinhibitionofLAT1andLAT3mayofferaneffectivetherapeuticapproachforprostatecancer.

