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Description
Details
Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) is a carbohydrate epitope expressed upon the surface of early mouse embryos, murine embryonal carcinoma (EC), murine embryonic stem (ES), and murine and human germ (EG) cells. No immunoreactivity is evident with undifferentiated human EC and ES cells. Differentiation of human EC results in an increase in SSEA-1 expression, while in the mouse expression is diminished. SSEA-1 is associated with cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.
Sample Data Figure A: FC analysis of SSEA-1 Antibody on mouse ES cells at a 1:100 dilution. Green histogram represents SSEA-1 Antibody and open histogram represents isotype control. A PE-conjugated anti-Mouse IgM was used as the secondary antibody. Figure B: ICC analysis on mouse ES cells. Cells were stained with SSEA-1 Antibody at a 1:100 dilution followed by an Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).
Details
Details
Concentration | 0.5 mg/mL |
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Species Reactivity | Human, Mouse |
Host | Mouse Monoclonal |
Clone | MC-480 |
Isotype | IgM |
Immunogen | F9 tetracarcinoma stem cells (X-irradiated) |
Formulation | Aqueous buffer, 0.09% sodium azide. |
Storage and Stability | Store at 2-8°C. Stable for 6 months from date of receipt when stored as directed. |
Applications Tested | Flow Cytometry (FC), Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence (ICC/IF) |
Recommended Dilutions | Flow Cytometry 1:100Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence 1:100It is recommended that the antibody be titrated for optimal performance for each application. |
Alternative Names | CD15, Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 |
References | Brambrink, T., et al. (2008) Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell Stem Cell 2: 151-159. PMID: 18371436Draper, J.S., et al. (2002) Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: changes upon differentiation in culture. J Anat 200: 249-258. PMID: 12033729 |
Technical Documents | ST11013 Technical Data Sheet |
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QianWang,JessamyTiffen,CharlesG.Bailey,MelanieL.Lehman,WilliamRitchie,LadanFazli,CynthiaMetierre,Yue(Julie)Feng,EstelleLi,MartinGleave,GrantBuchanan,ColleenC.Nelson,JohnE.J.Rasko,JeffHolst
Correspondenceto:JeffHolst,PhD,OriginsofCancerLaboratory,LockedBag6,Newtown,NSW2042Australia.(e-mail:j.holst@centenary.org.au).
BackgroundL-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)uptakeneutralaminoacidsincludingL-leucineintocells,stimulatingmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1signalingandproteinsynthesis.LAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedatdifferentstagesofprostatecancer,andtheyareresponsIBLeforincreasingnutrientsandstimulatingcellgrowth.
MethodsWeexaminedLAT3proteinexpressioninhumanprostatecancertissuemicroarrays.LATfunctionwasinhibitedusingaleucineanalog(BCH)inandrogen-dependentand-independentenvironments,withgeneexpressionanalyzedbymicroarray.APC-3xenograftmousemodelwasusedtostudytheeffectsofinhibitingLAT1andLAT3expression.ResultswereanalyzedwiththeMann-WhitneyUorFisherexacttests.Allstatisticaltestsweretwo-sided.
ResultsLAT3proteinwasexpressedatallstagesofprostatecancer,withastatisticallysignificantdecreaseinexpressionafter4–7monthsofneoadjuvanthormonetherapy(4–7monthmean=1.571;95%confidenceinterval=1.155to1.987vs0month=2.098;95%confidenceinterval=1.962to2.235;P=.0187).InhibitionofLATfunctionledtoactivatingtranscriptionfactor4–mediatedupregulationofaminoacidtransportersincludingASCT1,ASCT2,and4F2hc,allofwhichwerealsoregulatedviatheandrogenreceptor.LATinhibitionsuppressedM-phasecellcyclegenesregulatedbyE2Ffamilytranscriptionfactorsincludingcriticalcastration-resistantprostatecancerregulatorygenesUBE2C,CDC20,andCDK1.InsilicoanalysisofBCH-downregulatedgenesshowedthat90.9%arestatisticallysignificantlyupregulatedinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer.Finally,LAT1orLAT3knockdowninxenograftsinhibitedtumorgrowth,cellcycleprogression,andspontaneousmetastasisinvivo.
ConclusionInhibitionofLATtransportersmayprovideanoveltherapeutictargetinmetastaticcastration-resistantprostatecancer,viasuppressionofmammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1activityandM-phasecellcyclegenes.
L-typeaminoacidtransporters(LATs)supplycellswithlargeneutralaminoacids,whicharenotonlyrequiredforproteinsynthesisbutalsocontributetovarioussignalingpathways.Intracellularleucinelevelsaresensedbytheleucyl-transferRNAsynthetase,previouslyknowntocatalyzetheadenosinetriphosphate–dependentligationofL-leucinetotransferRNAduringproteinsynthesis(1,2).Leucyl-transferRNAsynthetaseactivatestheRagguanosinetriphosphatasecomplexandbindstoRaptortoactivatemammaliantargetofrapamycincomplex1(mTORC1)signalingonthesurfaceoflysosomes(1–3).Inthiswayleucineisnotonlyanessentialaminoacidbutactsasarate-limitingsignalingmoleculeinthemTORC1pathway.
Incellsdeprivedofaminoacids,thereisanaccumulationofunchargedtransferRNA,whichbindstoandactivatesthegeneralcontrolnonrepressed2(GCN2)kinase.Inturn,GCN2phosphorylatesthetranslationinitiationfactor2α(eIF2α)onserine51,triggeringtranslationalupregulationofactivatingtranscriptionfactor(ATF)4(4).ATF4itselfupregulatestheexpressionofaminoacidtransportersasameansofrestoringintracellularaminoacidlevels(5).Therefore,understandinghowaminoacidtransportersregulateintracellularleucinelevels,andgeneratingnovelinhibitorsofthesetransporters,mayleadtopotentsuppressorsofmTORC1signaling.
ThetwodistinctfamiliesofLATsare1)solutecarrier7(SLC7)members(LAT1/SLC7A5andLAT2/SLC7A8),whichmediateNa+-independentneutralaminoacidexchangeasheterodimerswiththe4F2cell-surfaceantigenheavychain(4F2hc/SLC3A2/CD98)glycoprotein(6,7);and2)SLC43proteins(LAT3/SLC43A1andLAT4/SLC43A2)thatmediateNa+-independentuniportofneutralaminoacids(8,9).AlthoughtheexpressionofeachLATmembervariesdramaticallyindifferenttissues,thesetransportersarecommonlyupregulatedincancer.IncreasedLAT1expressionhasbeendetectedinlungcancer,coloncancer,breastcancer,headandneckcancer,genitalcancers,andsofttissuesarcomas(10–12).WeandothershaveshownthatLAT1andLAT3areoverexpressedinprostatecancer(11–14),withLAT1expressionincreasedinmetastasiscomparedwithprimarycancer(10,12).
WehypothesizedthatinhibitionofLAT1andLAT3mayofferaneffectivetherapeuticapproachforprostatecancer.
感觉这样的提问是没有意义的
还是自己找下资料吧
微生物吸收营养和排出废弃物都需要通过细胞膜。而细胞膜是磷脂双分子层结构,无论是亲水物质还是疏水物质都无法通过细胞膜。
细胞膜上镶嵌有蛋白质,叫转运蛋白。蛋白质既有疏水基团,又有亲水基团,正是靠蛋白质的这种特殊结构,能够与两类物质结合,并通过蛋白质结构的细微变化,把这两类物质运送到细胞膜的另一侧。
所以,微生物吸收营养物质必须用镶嵌在细胞膜上的转运蛋白来实现。
另外在八版生理248页第二段,近端小管后半段氯离子通过氯离子碳酸氢根交换体被重吸收,此时小管液中氯离子浓度大于周围组织液氯离子浓度,所以也有细胞旁途径顺浓度被动重吸收,然而资料上的总结和题目里都是说氯离子在近端小管的重吸收为被动重吸收,感觉有些糊涂。希望来个大神指点一二。

