
The inducible costimulator CD278 (ICOS) is similar to human CD28 (24% homology), and plays an analogous role in the T cell activation process. Secondary signaling through CD28 or CD278 results in discrete cytokine secretion profiles by the activated T cells.1 Signaling by either molecule is effectively down regulated by CD152 (CTLA-4) engagement.2 Human CD275 (ICOSL, GL50, B7-H2) is a member of the B7 family sharing ~20% homology with CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), and has been shown to be the ligand for CD278 (ICOS).3 Two RNA splice variants exist for this molecule, differing only in the cytoplasmic domain. 4
Isotype: Murine IgG1 Kappa
Immunogen: Human HPB-MLT cells, recombinant human CD278(ICOS)-muIg
Specificity: Antibody ANC6C6 binds to recombinant and cell surface CD278(ICOS)
Functional Application: Antibody ANC6C6 blocks binding of Recombinant CD275-muIg to CD278. It blocks CD28-superagonist/CD275(LICOS) mediated T cell proliferation in vitro(7).
References:
1) Beier, K.C., R.A. Kroczek, et al. 2000, Eur J Immunol. 30(12):3707-3717.
2) Riley, J.L., C.H. June, et al. 2001, J. Immunol. 166: 4943-4948.
3) Ling, V., M. Collins, et al. 2000, J. Immunol. 164: 1653-1657.
4) Ling, V., M. Collins, et al. 2001, J. Immunol. 166: 7300-7308.
5) Tomoki Ito, Yong-Jun Liu, et al. (2008) Immunity 28: 870-880.
6) Hyung W Lim, Chang H Kim. (2007) J Immunol 179: 7448-7456.
7) S Weissmuller, Z Waibler, et al. (2012) Blood 119(26):6268-6277.
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脂质的生物学功能有1、脂肪氧化分解释放能量
2、复合脂质和衍生脂质是构成细胞的成分
3、促进脂性维生素的吸收
4、脂肪防震和隔热保温作用
5、脂肪的氧化利用具有降低蛋白质和糖消耗的作用
如磷脂含P,维生素D含N.脂肪只含C、H、O三种元素.
向左转|向右转
1.体内储存和提供能量(体内1克脂肪产生的能量大约9千卡)
2.维持体温正常(皮下脂肪还可以起到隔热保温作用)
3.保护作用(脂肪组织在体内对器官有支撑和衬垫作用,保护内部器官免受外力伤害)
4.内分泌作用(由脂肪分泌的银子有瘦素、肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素-6、脂联素及抵抗素等参与机体代谢、免疫、生长发育等生理过程)
5.帮助机体更有效低利用碳水化合物和节约蛋白质作用(节约蛋白质作用)
6.机体重要的构成成分(比如细胞膜脂质双分子层)
食物中的脂肪营功能:
除给人体提供能量和脂肪合成材料外,还有营养学功能:增加饱腹感;改善食物感官性状;提供脂溶性维生素。此外为人体提供必需脂肪酸。
缺乏时的症状:
一般情况不会有单纯的脂肪缺乏,除非像非洲难民似的遭遇饥荒(其实是很多食物的匮乏导致的结果)。脂肪缺乏表现为消瘦,怕冷,免疫力低下,生长发育缓慢等。
必需脂肪酸缺乏症状供参考:生长迟缓、生殖障碍、皮肤损伤(出现皮疹等)以及肾脏、肝脏、神经和视觉方面多种疾病。
脂肪的来源:动物的脂肪组织和肉类以及植物的种子。
有些是类固醇化合物(甾体激素),有些事脂肪酸衍生物
类固醇激素例如:肾上腺皮质激素、性激素等。
脂肪酸衍生物例如:前列腺素等。
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原文链接:http://www.medpagetoday.com/Rheumatology/Arthritis/42192
ErosiveHandOALinkedtoLipids
Erosiveosteoarthritis(OA)ofthehandisasevereformofrADIographichandOA,ratherthanadistinctclinicalentity,andmaybedrivenbythepresenceofmetabolicabnormalities,researchersreported.
ThepatternofjointinvolvementinerosiveOAwassimilartothatseeninseverenon-erosivedisease,particularlyforsymmetry,withanadjustedoddsratioof6.5(95%CI3-14.1)forinvolvementofthesamejointintheoppositehand,accordingtoMichelleMarshall,PhD,ofKeeleUniversityinStaffordshire,England,andcolleagues.
ButindividualswitherosivehandOAhadmorethantwicetheriskofmetabolicsyndrome(OR2.7,95%CI1-7.1)andmorethanfourtimestheriskofdyslipidemia(OR4.7,95%CI2.1-10.6)comparedwithpatientswhohadseverenon-erosiveOA,theresearchersreportedonlineinAnnalsoftheRheumaticDiseases.
ErosivehandOAdiffersfromnon-erosivediseaseinseveralways.Forinstance,theonsetofsymptomssuchasswelling,stiffness,andpaintendstobeabrupt,andradiographsreveal"gull-wing"or"saw-tooth"deformitiesandcollapseofthesubchondralbone.
Followingapparentwideningofthejointspace,remodelingoccurs,resultingintheappearanceoflargeosteophytesandanirregularsubchondralplate.
Andoverall,worseclinicalandradiographicoutcomes--alongwithsystemicriskfactors--havebeenreportedforerosiveOA.
ButthecauseandpathogenicprocessesassociatedwitherosiveOAhavenotbeenfullyestablished,andtheEuropeanLeagueAgainstRheumatismhassuggestedthaterosivediseasemaybeasubsetofgeneralizedhandOA.
TodeterminewhethererosivehandOAactuallyisaseparateentityorpartofacontinuumofseverityandtoidentifypotentialriskfactors,MarshallandcolleaguesrecruitedpatientsfromaclinicalassessmentstudyofhandOAandalsofromastudyofkneeOAtoprovidealarger,enrichedsample.
Allparticipantsreportedhandpainandstiffnessforatleast"afew"dayswithinthepastmonth.
X-raysofthehandswerescoredaccordingtotheKellgrenandLawrence(KL)system,andthepresenceoferosivechangeswasevaluatedaccordingtotheVerbruggen-Veysprogressionscale.
Atotalof1,167patientsand8,608handjointswereincludedintheanalysis.
OntheKLgradingscale,1,754jointsweregrades2orhigher,indicatingpossIBLeordefiniteosteophytesandnarrowingofthejointspace.
Moderate-to-severeKLscoresof3orhigherwerefoundin425joints,indicatingthepresenceofmultipleosteophytes,jointspacenarrowing,sclerosis,andpossiblebonedeformities.
Severescoresof4,withlargeosteophytes,markedjointspacenarrowing,severesclerosis,anddefinitebonedeformitieswerefoundin112joints.
Erosivediseasewasidentifiedin207jointsin80patients.
Theseconddistalinterphalangealjointwasmostoftenaffected,andsignificantassociationswerefoundfortheoverallrankedorderofinvolvedjointsinbotherosiveandnon-erosiveOA(r>0.95).
Aswithsymmetry,thepatternofinvolvementacrossthejointsofthesamehandandthesamefingerwassimilarforbotherosiveandnon-erosivedisease.
Patientswitherosiveandnon-erosivediseaseweresimilarinmanycharacteristics,includingage,sex,thepresenceofkneeOA,afamilyhistoryofarthritis,andbodymassindex.Themaindifferencewasinthepresenceofdyslipidemiaandmetabolicsyndrome.
Amongpatientswithnon-erosiveKL3,atotalof6.2%hadabnormallevelsofcholesterol,asdid8.8%ofthosewithnon-erosiveKL4.
Incontrast,21.2%ofthosewitherosivediseasehadlipidabnormalities.
AndforpatientswithKL3and4,ratesofmetabolicsyndromewere4.1%and2.9%,respectively,whiletheratewas11.2%forthosewitherosivedisease.
Thepatternsofinvolvementinthehandjointssuggestthatthereare"strongsimilarities"betweenerosiveOAandmoderate-to-severenon-erosiveOA,andmayrepresentanevolutionmediatedthroughmetabolicpathways,theresearchersexplained.
"Theexactmechanismisnotyetknownbutosteoarthritisisbelievedtosharesimilarbiochemicalandinflammatorypathwaystometabolicdisorders,anddyslipidemiamayalterlipidmetabolisminanumberofjointtissues,"theywrote.
Alimitationofthestudywastherelativelysmallnumberofpatientswitherosivedisease.
脂类,由脂肪酸和醇作用生成的酯及其衍生物统称为脂类,这是一类一般不溶于水而溶于脂溶性溶剂的化合物。
脂肪:存在于人体和动物的皮下组织及植物体中,是生物体的组成部分和储能物质。
脂类所指代的一类物质较脂肪更广。而酯类则是从化学角度来看物质世界,有不少是化工原料。有些酯类是脂肪的构成成分。
如上所述,脂类包括脂肪酸(多是4碳以上的长链一元羧酸)和醇(包括甘油醇、硝氨醇、高级一元醇和固醇)等所组成的酯类及其衍生物。包括单纯脂类、复合酯类及衍生脂质。
脂肪是指人体或动物体内的、由一分子甘油和三分子脂肪酸结合而成的甘油三酯。
酯类是指酸(羧酸或无机含氧酸)与醇起反应生成的一类有机化合物。低分子量酯是无色、易挥发的芳香液体,如:如乙酸乙酯CH3COOC2H5、乙酸苯酯CH3COOC6H5、苯甲酸甲酯C6H5COOCH3等;高级饱和脂肪酸单酯常为无色无味的固体,高级脂肪酸与高级脂肪醇形成的酯为蜡状固体。所以,酯类与脂类不可替代使用。
后来加PEG沉淀效果很好,上清夜很清,但是不知道会不会对后期测效价,纯化等有影响。
有没有别的简便方法可以去除脂类?
哪位高手指教一下,感激不尽。

