Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant and primary carrier of the required energy for various functions in cells. Prolonged ischemia, reperfusion, anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation can lead to a dramatic decrease of ATP, cell swelling, cell rupture, and finally cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Due to drastic hydrolysis of ATP in vivo by ectoenzymes and poor cellular penetration, the direct delivery of ATP to the ischemic tissues is difficult.
To increase delivery of ATP to the tissues and protect from enzymatic degradation, encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed and demonstrated in various models of ischemia [1,2]. Studies on myocardial [1,3,4], liver [5-8], retina [9] and wound healing [10-12] ischemia have shown the ability of liposomal encapsulated ATP to prevent cell death and tissue dysfunction following ischemic events.
The encapsulation of ATP in liposomes markedly promotes its effectiveness by preventing the hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes, increasing ATP circulation time and enhancing its intracellular penetration. Depending on the type of the cell line and the target organ various types of liposomes with different surface charges such as anionic, cationic and neutral has been studied by various groups. Moreover, ATP encapsulated liposomes has been demonstrated to improve energy state and function of the cold-stored liver [6,7,13].
ebiomall.com
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Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells 作为一个细胞群体，还没有发现有特定细胞表面marker. 对于那些可以代表自我更新和分化的marker, 也不清楚到底要发现哪一个的表达才能确定该细胞就是BMSC。
目前常用的方法，就是采用培养，colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F)这个方法。一般BMSC可以24-48小时贴壁。
流式细胞计数，比如STRO-1，但是一般认为STRO-1阳性的细胞更趋向于造血干细胞，和BMSC简单区别还不是很清楚。
这里有个培养分化的产品
http://www.rndsystems.com/pdf/SC020.pdf
GlucosestarvationcausestranslocationofAMPKβ2tothelysosomeinHEK-293cellsthatisdependentonN-myristoylation.Theexperimentwasperformedinβ2KOcellsasinFig.1c,exceptthatthelysosomalMarkerLAMP1(taggedwithRFP)wasco-expressedwiththewild-typeormutantAMPKβ2.Upperpanelsshowmergedimagesstainedblue(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI),nuclei),red(LAMP1,lysosomes)andgreen(AMPKβ2,detectedusingantibodyvalidatedine),incellsincubatedwithorwithoutglucosefor20 min.Lowersmallpanelsaremagnificationsoftheareasindicatedbydashedboxesintheupperpanels,showing(LtoR)redandgreenchannelsandmergedimages.
下面的这段话是图注，图注的意思我明白，但是我想知道merge后的图看什么颜色的荧光，蓝色是细胞核，红色是lysosome(位于胞质），绿色是AMPKβ2，该实验是想观察AMPKβ2是否转位到lysosome上了，如果确实发生了AMPKβ2转位到lysosome上，那么merge后是红色与绿色融合在一起，是吗？融合在一起发什么颜色的光了？
