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- Peptide RTSDSRDHTRVDWKR(C), corresponding to amino acid residues 271-285 of rat GluR1 (Accession P19490). Extracellular, N-terminus.
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Western blot analysis of rat (lanes 1 and 3) and mouse (lanes 2 and 4) brain lysates:1,2. Anti-GluR1 (GluA1) (extracellular) Antibody (#AGC-004), (1:200).
3,4. Anti-GluR1 (GluA1) (extracellular) Antibody, preincubated with the control peptide antigen.
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Expression of GluR1 in mouse hippocampusImmunohistochemical staining of mouse hippocampus with Anti-GluR1 (GluA1) (extracellular) Antibody (#AGC-004). GluR1 (green) is present in the stratum oriens (Or) and radiatum (Ra) but not in the pyramidal layer (P). Staining of the same section with mouse anti-parvalbumin (red) identifies the pyramidal layer.
- Rat hippocampal neurons (16 μg/ml) (Verpelli, C. et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 34839.).
- 1. Dingledine, R. et al. (1999) Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 7.
- 2. Sheng, M. and Lee, S.H. (2001) Cell 105, 825.
- 3. Song, I. and Huganir, R.L. (2002) Trends Neurosci. 25, 578.
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AMPA receptors are members of the glutamate receptor family of ion channels that also include the NMDA and Kainate receptors. The three subfamilies are named after the original synthetic agonists that were identified as selective ligands of each family.
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subfamily includes four members AMPA1-AMPA4 that are also known as GluR1-GluR4 respectively.
The functional AMPA channel is believed to be a tetramer, with most neuronal AMPA receptors being actually heterotetramers composed of AMPA1 plus AMPA2 or AMPA2 plus AMPA3, although homotetramers can also be found.
AMPA receptors are permeable to cations Na+, K+ and Ca2+. The Ca2+ permeability is dependent on the presence of AMPA2: whenever this subunit is present, the channel will be impermeable to Ca2+. The Ca2+ permeability of the AMPA2 subunit is determined by the presence of an arginine (R) at a critical site in the pore loop instead of a glutamine (Q) present in the same site in the other AMPA subunits. A post-transcriptional process known as RNA editing determines the presence of this R. Since most AMPA2 subunits in the adult brain have undergone RNA editing and most AMPA receptors contain the AMPA2 subunit, most native AMPA receptors will be impermeable to Ca2+.
Gating of AMPA receptors by glutamate is extremely fast and therefore the AMPA receptors mediate most excitatory (depolarizing) currents in the brain during basal neuronal activity. The depolarization caused by the activation of post-synaptic AMPA receptors is necessary for the activation of NMDA receptors that will open only in the presence of both glutamate and a depolarized membrane.
Synaptic strength, defined as the level of post-synaptic depolarization, can be long term (hence the term long term potentiation, LTP) and therefore induce changes in signaling and protein synthesis in the activated neuron. These changes are associated with memory formation and learning.
Changes in synaptic strength are thought to involve rapid movement of the AMPA receptors in and out of the synapses and a great deal of effort has focused in understanding the mechanisms that govern AMPA receptor trafficking.
Anti-GluR1 (GluA1) (extracellular) Antibody (#AGC-004) is a highly specific antibody directed against an extracellular epitope of the rat ionotropic glutamate receptor 1. The antibody can be used in western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and live cell imaging applications. It has been designed to recognize GluR1 from human, mouse, and rat samples.
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二、补体(complement，C)是存在于正常人和动物血清与组织液中的一组经活化后具有酶活性的蛋白质。早在19世纪末Bordet即证实，新鲜血液中含有一种不耐热的成分，可辅助和补充特异性抗体，介导免疫溶菌、溶血作用，故称为补体。补体是由30余种可溶性蛋白、膜结合性蛋白和补体受体组成的多分子系统，故称为补体系统（complementsystem）。根据补体系统各成分的生物学功能，可将其分为补体固有成分、补体调控成分和补体受体（CR）。
